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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
It's more and more common to find linux machines mounted with **read-only (ro) file system protection**, specially in containers. This is because to run a container with ro file system is as easy as setting **`readOnlyRootFilesystem: true`** in the `securitycontext`:
</strong> command: ["sh", "-c", "while true; do sleep 1000; done"]
</code></pre>
However, even if the file system is mounted as ro, **`/dev/shm`** will still be writable, so it's fake we cannot write anything in the disk. However, this folder will be **mounted with no-exec protection**, so if you download a binary here you **won't be able to execute it**.
{% hint style="warning" %}
From a red team perspective, this makes **complicated to download and execute** binaries that aren't in the system already (like backdoors o enumerators like `kubectl`).
{% endhint %}
## Easiest bypass: Scripts
Note that I mentioned binaries, you can **execute any script** as long as the interpreter is inside the machine, like a **shell script** if `sh` is present or a **python****script** if `python` is installed.
However, this isn't just enough to execute your binary backdoor or other binary tools you might need to run.
## Memory Bypasses
If you want to execute a binary but the file system isn't allowing that, the best way to do so is by **executing it from memory**, as the **protections doesn't apply in there**.
### FD + exec syscall bypass
If you have some powerful script engines inside the machine, such as **Python**, **Perl**, or **Ruby** you could download the binary to execute from memory, store it in a memory file descriptor (`create_memfd` syscall), which isn't going to be protected by those protections and then call a **`exec` syscall** indicating the **fd as the file to execute**.
For this you can easily use the project [**fileless-elf-exec**](https://github.com/nnsee/fileless-elf-exec). You can pass it a binary and it will generate a script in the indicated language with the **binary compressed and b64 encoded** with the instructions to **decode and decompress it** in a **fd** created calling `create_memfd` syscall and a call to the **exec** syscall to run it.
{% hint style="warning" %}
This doesn't work in other scripting languages like PHP or Node because they don't have any d**efault way to call raw syscalls** from a script, so it's not possible to call `create_memfd` to create the **memory fd** to store the binary.
Moreover, creating a **regular fd** with a file in `/dev/shm` won't work, as you won't be allowed to run it because the **no-exec protection** will apply.
{% endhint %}
### DDexec / EverythingExec
[**DDexec / EverythingExec**](https://github.com/arget13/DDexec) is a technique that allows you to **modify the memory your own process** by overwriting its **`/proc/self/mem`**.
Therefore, **controlling the assembly code** that is being executed by the process, you can write a **shellcode** and "mutate" the process to **execute any arbitrary code**.
{% hint style="success" %}
**DDexec / EverythingExec** will allow you to load and **execute** your own **shellcode** or **any binary** from **memory**.
For more information about this technique check the Github or:
{% content-ref url="ddexec.md" %}
[ddexec.md](ddexec.md)
{% endcontent-ref %}
### MemExec
[**Memexec**](https://github.com/arget13/memexec) is the natural next step of DDexec. It's a **DDexec shellcode demonised**, so every time that you want to **run a different binary** you don't need to relaunch DDexec, you can just run memexec shellcode via the DDexec technique and then **communicate with this deamon to pass new binaries to load and run**.
You can find an example on how to use **memexec to execute binaries from a PHP reverse shell** in [https://github.com/arget13/memexec/blob/main/a.php](https://github.com/arget13/memexec/blob/main/a.php).
### Memdlopen
With a similar purpose to DDexec, [**memdlopen**](https://github.com/arget13/memdlopen) technique allows an **easier way to load binaries** in memory to later execute them. It could allow even to load binaries with dependencies.
## Distroless Bypass
### What is distroless
Distroless containers contain only the **bare minimum components necessary to run a specific application or service**, such as libraries and runtime dependencies, but exclude larger components like a package manager, shell, or system utilities.
The goal of distroless containers is to **reduce the attack surface of containers by eliminating unnecessary components** and minimising the number of vulnerabilities that can be exploited.
### Reverse Shell
In a distroless container you might **not even find `sh` or `bash`** to get a regular shell. You won't also find binaries such as `ls`, `whoami`, `id`... everything that you usually run in a system.
{% hint style="warning" %}
Therefore, you **won't** be able to get a **reverse shell** or **enumerate** the system as you usually do.
{% endhint %}
However, if the compromised container is running for example a flask web, then python is installed, and therefore you can grab a **Python reverse shell**. If it's running node, you can grab a Node rev shell, and the same with mostly any **scripting language**.
{% hint style="success" %}
Using the scripting language you could **enumerate the system** using the language capabilities.
{% endhint %}
If there is **no `read-only/no-exec`** protections you could abuse your reverse shell to **write in the file system your binaries** and **execute** them.
{% hint style="success" %}
However, in this kind of containers these protections will usually exist, but you could use the **previous memory execution techniques to bypass them**.
{% endhint %}
You can find **examples** on how to **exploit some RCE vulnerabilities** to get scripting languages **reverse shells** and execute binaries from memory in [**https://github.com/carlospolop/DistrolessRCE**](https://github.com/carlospolop/DistrolessRCE).
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
