GITBOOK-3930: change request with no subject merged in GitBook
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* [macOS Dyld Hijacking & DYLD\_INSERT\_LIBRARIES](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-dyld-hijacking-and-dyld\_insert\_libraries.md)
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* [macOS Architecture](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac-os-architecture/README.md)
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* [macOS Bundles](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac-os-architecture/macos-bundles.md)
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* [macOS IPC](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac-os-architecture/macos-ipc.md)
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* [Universal binaries & Mach-O Format](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/mac-os-architecture/universal-binaries-and-mach-o-format.md)
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* [macOS MDM](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-mdm/README.md)
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* [Enrolling Devices in Other Organisations](macos-hardening/macos-security-and-privilege-escalation/macos-mdm/enrolling-devices-in-other-organisations.md)
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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# Mac OS Architecture
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# macOS Architecture
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<details>
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@ -82,6 +82,10 @@ kextload com.apple.iokit.IOReportFamily
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kextunload com.apple.iokit.IOReportFamily
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```
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### IPC - Inter Process Communication
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## Apple Propietary File System (APFS)
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APFS, or Apple File System, is a modern file system developed by Apple Inc. that was designed to replace the older Hierarchical File System Plus (HFS+) with an emphasis on **improved performance, security, and efficiency**.
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@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
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# macOS IPC
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
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* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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## IPC - Inter Process Communication
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### Ports
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Mach uses **tasks** as the **smallest unit** for sharing resources, and each task can contain **multiple threads**. These **tasks and threads are mapped 1:1 to POSIX processes and threads**.
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Communication between tasks occurs via Mach Inter-Process Communication (IPC), utilizing one-way communication channels. **Messages are transferred between ports**, which act like **message queues** managed by the kernel.
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Port rights, which define what operations a task can perform, are key to this communication. The possible **port rights** are:
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* **Receive right**, which allows receiving messages sent to the port. Mach ports are MPSC (multiple-producer, single-consumer) queues, which means that there may only ever be **one receive right for each port** in the whole system (unlike with pipes, where multiple processes can all hold file descriptors to the read end of one pipe).
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* A **task with the Receive** right can receive messages and **create Send rights**, allowing it to send messages. Originally only the **own task has Receive right over its por**t.
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* **Send right**, which allows sending messages to the port.
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* **Send-once right**, which allows sending one message to the port and then disappears.
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* **Port set right**, which denotes a _port set_ rather than a single port. Dequeuing a message from a port set dequeues a message from one of the ports it contains. Port sets can be used to listen on several ports simultaneously, a lot like `select`/`poll`/`epoll`/`kqueue` in Unix.
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* **Dead name**, which is not an actual port right, but merely a placeholder. When a port is destroyed, all existing port rights to the port turn into dead names.
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**Tasks can transfer SEND rights to others**, enabling them to send messages back. **SEND rights can also be cloned, so a task can duplicate and give the right to a third task**. This, combined with an intermediary process known as the **bootstrap server**, allows for effective communication between tasks.
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#### Steps:
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As it's mentioned, in order to establish the communication channel, the **bootstrap server** (**launchd** in mac) is involved.
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1. Task **A** initiates a **new port**, obtaining a **RECEIVE right** in the process.
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2. Task **A**, being the holder of the RECEIVE right, **generates a SEND right for the port**.
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3. Task **A** establishes a **connection** with the **bootstrap server**, providing the **port's service name** and the **SEND right** through a procedure known as the bootstrap register.
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4. Task **B** interacts with the **bootstrap server** to execute a bootstrap **lookup for the service** name. If successful, the **server duplicates the SEND right** received from Task A and **transmits it to Task B**.
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5. Upon acquiring a SEND right, Task **B** is capable of **formulating** a **message** and dispatching it **to Task A**.
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The bootstrap server **cannot authenticate** the service name claimed by a task. This means a **task** could potentially **impersonate any system task**, such as falsely **claiming an authorization service name** and then approving every request.
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Then, Apple stores the **names of system-provided services** in secure configuration files, located in **SIP-protected** directories: `/System/Library/LaunchDaemons` and `/System/Library/LaunchAgents`. Alongside each service name, the **associated binary is also stored**. The bootstrap server, will create and hold a **RECEIVE right for each of these service names**.
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For these predefined services, the **lookup process differs slightly**. When a service name is being looked up, launchd starts the service dynamically. The new workflow is as follows:
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* Task **B** initiates a bootstrap **lookup** for a service name.
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* **launchd** checks if the task is running and if it isn’t, **starts** it.
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* Task **A** (the service) performs a **bootstrap check-in**. Here, the **bootstrap** server creates a SEND right, retains it, and **transfers the RECEIVE right to Task A**.
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* launchd duplicates the **SEND right and sends it to Task B**.
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However, this process only applies to predefined system tasks. Non-system tasks still operate as described originally, which could potentially allow for impersonation.
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### Code example
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Note how the **sender** **allocates** a port, create a **send right** for the name `org.darlinghq.example` and send it to the **bootstrap server** while the sender asked for the **send right** of that name and used it to **send a message**.
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{% tabs %}
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{% tab title="receiver.c" %}
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```c
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// Code from https://docs.darlinghq.org/internals/macos-specifics/mach-ports.html
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// gcc receiver.c -o receiver
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <mach/mach.h>
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#include <servers/bootstrap.h>
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int main() {
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// Create a new port.
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mach_port_t port;
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kern_return_t kr = mach_port_allocate(mach_task_self(), MACH_PORT_RIGHT_RECEIVE, &port);
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if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
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printf("mach_port_allocate() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
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return 1;
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}
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printf("mach_port_allocate() created port right name %d\n", port);
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// Give us a send right to this port, in addition to the receive right.
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kr = mach_port_insert_right(mach_task_self(), port, port, MACH_MSG_TYPE_MAKE_SEND);
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if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
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printf("mach_port_insert_right() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
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return 1;
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}
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printf("mach_port_insert_right() inserted a send right\n");
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// Send the send right to the bootstrap server, so that it can be looked up by other processes.
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kr = bootstrap_register(bootstrap_port, "org.darlinghq.example", port);
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if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
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printf("bootstrap_register() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
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return 1;
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}
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printf("bootstrap_register()'ed our port\n");
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// Wait for a message.
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struct {
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mach_msg_header_t header;
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char some_text[10];
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int some_number;
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mach_msg_trailer_t trailer;
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} message;
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kr = mach_msg(
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&message.header, // Same as (mach_msg_header_t *) &message.
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MACH_RCV_MSG, // Options. We're receiving a message.
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0, // Size of the message being sent, if sending.
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sizeof(message), // Size of the buffer for receiving.
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port, // The port to receive a message on.
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MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE,
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MACH_PORT_NULL // Port for the kernel to send notifications about this message to.
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);
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if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
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printf("mach_msg() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
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return 1;
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}
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printf("Got a message\n");
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message.some_text[9] = 0;
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printf("Text: %s, number: %d\n", message.some_text, message.some_number);
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}
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="sender.c" %}
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```c
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// Code from https://docs.darlinghq.org/internals/macos-specifics/mach-ports.html
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// gcc sender.c -o sender
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <mach/mach.h>
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#include <servers/bootstrap.h>
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int main() {
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// Lookup the receiver port using the bootstrap server.
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mach_port_t port;
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kern_return_t kr = bootstrap_look_up(bootstrap_port, "org.darlinghq.example", &port);
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if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
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printf("bootstrap_look_up() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
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return 1;
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}
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printf("bootstrap_look_up() returned port right name %d\n", port);
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// Construct our message.
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struct {
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mach_msg_header_t header;
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char some_text[10];
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int some_number;
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} message;
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message.header.msgh_bits = MACH_MSGH_BITS(MACH_MSG_TYPE_COPY_SEND, 0);
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message.header.msgh_remote_port = port;
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message.header.msgh_local_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
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strncpy(message.some_text, "Hello", sizeof(message.some_text));
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message.some_number = 35;
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// Send the message.
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kr = mach_msg(
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&message.header, // Same as (mach_msg_header_t *) &message.
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MACH_SEND_MSG, // Options. We're sending a message.
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sizeof(message), // Size of the message being sent.
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0, // Size of the buffer for receiving.
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MACH_PORT_NULL, // A port to receive a message on, if receiving.
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MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE,
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MACH_PORT_NULL // Port for the kernel to send notifications about this message to.
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);
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if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
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printf("mach_msg() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
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return 1;
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}
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printf("Sent a message\n");
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}
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% endtabs %}
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### Privileged Ports
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* **Task port** (aka kernel port)**:** With Send permission over this port it's possible to control the task (read/write memory, create threads...).
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* Call `mach_task_self()` to **get the name** for this port for the caller task. This port is only **inherited** across **`exec()`**; a new task created with `fork()` gets a new task port (as a special case, a task also gets a new task port after `exec()`ing a suid binary). The only way to spawn a task and get its port is to perform the ["port swap dance"](https://robert.sesek.com/2014/1/changes\_to\_xnu\_mach\_ipc.html) while doing a `fork()`.
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* **Host port**: If a process has **Send** privilege over this port he can get **information** about the **system** (e.g. `host_processor_info`).
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* **Host priv port**: A process with **Send** right over this port can perform **privileged actions** like loading a kernel extension. The **process need to be root** to get tis permission.
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* Moreover, in order to call `kext_request` API it's needed to have the entitlement `com.apple.private.kext` which is only given to Apple binaries.
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* **Task name port:** An unprivileged version of the _task port_. It references the task, but does not allow controlling it. The only thing that seems to be available through it is `task_info()`.
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## References
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* [https://docs.darlinghq.org/internals/macos-specifics/mach-ports.html](https://docs.darlinghq.org/internals/macos-specifics/mach-ports.html)
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<details>
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<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
|
||||
|
||||
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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@ -167,6 +167,10 @@ And **execute** the binary and check the **library was loaded**:
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(to execute a class)
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</code></pre>
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{% hint style="info" %}
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A nice writeup about how to abuse this vulnerability to abuse the camera permissions of telegram can be found in [https://danrevah.github.io/2023/05/15/CVE-2023-26818-Bypass-TCC-with-Telegram/](https://danrevah.github.io/2023/05/15/CVE-2023-26818-Bypass-TCC-with-Telegram/)
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{% endhint %}
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## Bigger Scale
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If you are planing on trying to inject libraries in unexpected binaries you could check the event messages to find out when the library is loaded inside a process (in this case remove the printf and the `/bin/bash` execution).
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@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
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* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
|
||||
|
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</details>
|
||||
|
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@ -245,7 +245,8 @@ Launch some kind of **spider** inside the web. The goal of the spider is to **fi
|
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* [**Sourcemapper**](https://github.com/denandz/sourcemapper): A tool that given the .js.map URL will get you the beatified JS code
|
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* [**xnLinkFinder**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/xnLinkFinder): This is a tool used to discover endpoints for a given target.
|
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* [**waymore**](https://github.com/xnl-h4ck3r/waymore)**:** Discover links from the wayback machine (also downloading the responses in the wayback and looking for more links
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* ****[**HTTPLoot**](https://github.com/redhuntlabs/HTTPLoot) (go): Crawl (even by filling forms) and also find sensitive info using specific regexes. 
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* [**HTTPLoot**](https://github.com/redhuntlabs/HTTPLoot) (go): Crawl (even by filling forms) and also find sensitive info using specific regexes.
|
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* [**SpiderSuite**](https://github.com/3nock/SpiderSuite): Spider Suite is an advance multi-feature GUI web security Crawler/Spider designed for cyber security professionals.
|
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|
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### Brute Force directories and files
|
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|
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|
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@ -435,7 +436,7 @@ Entry_12:
|
|||
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||||
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
||||
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
|
||||
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
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</details>
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Reference in New Issue