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# macOS MIG - Mach Interface Generator
<details>
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
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</details>
MIG was created to **simplify the process of Mach IPC** code creation. It basically **generates the needed code** for server and client to communicate with a given definition. Even if the generated code is ugly, a developer will just need to import it and his code will be much simpler than before.
### Example
Create a definition file, in this case with a very simple function:
{% code title="myipc.defs" %}
```cpp
subsystem myipc 500; // Arbitrary name and id
userprefix USERPREF; // Prefix for created functions in the client
serverprefix SERVERPREF; // Prefix for created functions in the server
#include <mach/mach_types.defs>
#include <mach/std_types.defs>
simpleroutine Subtract(
server_port : mach_port_t;
n1 : uint32_t;
n2 : uint32_t);
```
{% endcode %}
Now use mig to generate the server and client code that will be able to comunicate within each other to call the Subtract function:
```bash
mig -header myipcUser.h -sheader myipcServer.h myipc.defs
```
Several new files will be created in the current directory.
In the files **`myipcServer.c`** and **`myipcServer.h`** you can find the declaration and definition of the struct **`SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem`**, which basically defines the function to call based on the received message ID (we indicated a starting number of 500):
{% tabs %}
{% tab title="myipcServer.c" %}
```c
/* Description of this subsystem, for use in direct RPC */
const struct SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem = {
myipc_server_routine,
500, // start ID
501, // end ID
(mach_msg_size_t)sizeof(union __ReplyUnion__SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem),
(vm_address_t)0,
{
{ (mig_impl_routine_t) 0,
// Function to call
(mig_stub_routine_t) _XSubtract, 3, 0, (routine_arg_descriptor_t)0, (mach_msg_size_t)sizeof(__Reply__Subtract_t)},
}
};
```
{% endtab %}
{% tab title="myipcServer.h" %}
```c
/* Description of this subsystem, for use in direct RPC */
extern const struct SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem {
mig_server_routine_t server; /* Server routine */
mach_msg_id_t start; /* Min routine number */
mach_msg_id_t end; /* Max routine number + 1 */
unsigned int maxsize; /* Max msg size */
vm_address_t reserved; /* Reserved */
struct routine_descriptor /* Array of routine descriptors */
routine[1];
} SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem;
```
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}
Based on the previous struct the function **`myipc_server_routine`** will get the **message ID** and return the proper function to call:
```c
mig_external mig_routine_t myipc_server_routine
(mach_msg_header_t *InHeadP)
{
int msgh_id;
msgh_id = InHeadP->msgh_id - 500;
if ((msgh_id > 0) || (msgh_id < 0))
return 0;
return SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem.routine[msgh_id].stub_routine;
}
```
In this example we have only defined 1 function in the definitions, but if we would have defined more functions, they would have been inside the array of **`SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem`** and the first one would have been assigned to the ID **500**, the second one to the ID **501**...
Actually it's possible to identify this relation in the struct **`subsystem_to_name_map_myipc`** from **`myipcServer.h`**:
```c
#ifndef subsystem_to_name_map_myipc
#define subsystem_to_name_map_myipc \
{ "Subtract", 500 }
#endif
```
Finally, another important function to make the server work will be **`myipc_server`**, which is the one that will actually **call the function** related to the received id:
<pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c">mig_external boolean_t myipc_server
(mach_msg_header_t *InHeadP, mach_msg_header_t *OutHeadP)
{
/*
* typedef struct {
* mach_msg_header_t Head;
* NDR_record_t NDR;
* kern_return_t RetCode;
* } mig_reply_error_t;
*/
mig_routine_t routine;
OutHeadP->msgh_bits = MACH_MSGH_BITS(MACH_MSGH_BITS_REPLY(InHeadP->msgh_bits), 0);
OutHeadP->msgh_remote_port = InHeadP->msgh_reply_port;
/* Minimal size: routine() will update it if different */
OutHeadP->msgh_size = (mach_msg_size_t)sizeof(mig_reply_error_t);
OutHeadP->msgh_local_port = MACH_PORT_NULL;
OutHeadP->msgh_id = InHeadP->msgh_id + 100;
OutHeadP->msgh_reserved = 0;
if ((InHeadP->msgh_id > 500) || (InHeadP->msgh_id &#x3C; 500) ||
<strong> ((routine = SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem.routine[InHeadP->msgh_id - 500].stub_routine) == 0)) {
</strong> ((mig_reply_error_t *)OutHeadP)->NDR = NDR_record;
((mig_reply_error_t *)OutHeadP)->RetCode = MIG_BAD_ID;
return FALSE;
}
<strong> (*routine) (InHeadP, OutHeadP);
</strong> return TRUE;
}
</code></pre>
Check the previously highlighted lines accessing the function to call by ID.
In the following is the code to create a simple **server** and **client** where the client can call the functions Subtract from the server:
{% tabs %}
{% tab title="myipc_server.c" %}
```c
// gcc myipc_server.c myipcServer.c -o myipc_server
#include <stdio.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <servers/bootstrap.h>
#include "myipcServer.h"
kern_return_t SERVERPREFSubtract(mach_port_t server_port, uint32_t n1, uint32_t n2)
{
printf("Received: %d - %d = %d\n", n1, n2, n1 - n2);
return KERN_SUCCESS;
}
int main() {
mach_port_t port;
kern_return_t kr;
// Register the mach service
kr = bootstrap_check_in(bootstrap_port, "xyz.hacktricks.mig", &port);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
printf("bootstrap_check_in() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
return 1;
}
// myipc_server is the function that handles incoming messages (check previous exlpanation)
mach_msg_server(myipc_server, sizeof(union __RequestUnion__SERVERPREFmyipc_subsystem), port, MACH_MSG_TIMEOUT_NONE);
}
```
{% endtab %}
{% tab title="myipc_client.c" %}
```c
// gcc myipc_client.c myipcUser.c -o myipc_client
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <servers/bootstrap.h>
#include "myipcUser.h"
int main() {
// Lookup the receiver port using the bootstrap server.
mach_port_t port;
kern_return_t kr = bootstrap_look_up(bootstrap_port, "xyz.hacktricks.mig", &port);
if (kr != KERN_SUCCESS) {
printf("bootstrap_look_up() failed with code 0x%x\n", kr);
return 1;
}
printf("Port right name %d\n", port);
USERPREFSubtract(port, 40, 2);
}
```
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}
### Binary Analysis
As many binaries now use MIG to expose mach ports, it's interesting to know how to **identify that MIG was used** and the **functions that MIG executes** with each message ID.
[**jtool2**](../../macos-apps-inspecting-debugging-and-fuzzing/#jtool2) can parse MIG information from a Mach-O binary indicating the message ID and identifying the function to execute:
```bash
jtool2 -d __DATA.__const myipc_server | grep MIG
```
It was previously mentioned that the function that will take care of **calling the correct function depending on the received message ID** was `myipc_server`. However, you usually won't have the symbols of the binary (no functions names), so it's interesting to **check how it looks like decompiled** as it will always be very similar (the code of this function is independent from the functions exposed):
{% tabs %}
{% tab title="myipc_server decompiled 1" %}
<pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c">int _myipc_server(int arg0, int arg1) {
var_10 = arg0;
var_18 = arg1;
// Initial instructions to find the proper function ponters
*(int32_t *)var_18 = *(int32_t *)var_10 &#x26; 0x1f;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x8) = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x8);
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x4) = 0x24;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0xc) = 0x0;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x14) = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14) + 0x64;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x10) = 0x0;
if (*(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14) &#x3C;= 0x1f4 &#x26;&#x26; *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14) >= 0x1f4) {
rax = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14);
// Call to sign_extend_64 that can help to identifyf this function
// This stores in rax the pointer to the call that needs to be called
// Check the used of the address 0x100004040 (functions addresses array)
// 0x1f4 = 500 (the strating ID)
<strong> rax = *(sign_extend_64(rax - 0x1f4) * 0x28 + 0x100004040);
</strong> var_20 = rax;
// If - else, the if returns false, while the else call the correct function and returns true
<strong> if (rax == 0x0) {
</strong> *(var_18 + 0x18) = **_NDR_record;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffffffffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
else {
// Calculated address that calls the proper function with 2 arguments
<strong> (var_20)(var_10, var_18);
</strong> var_4 = 0x1;
}
}
else {
*(var_18 + 0x18) = **_NDR_record;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffffffffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
rax = var_4;
return rax;
}
</code></pre>
{% endtab %}
{% tab title="myipc_server decompiled 2" %}
This is the same function decompiled in a difefrent Hopper free version:
<pre class="language-c"><code class="lang-c">int _myipc_server(int arg0, int arg1) {
r31 = r31 - 0x40;
saved_fp = r29;
stack[-8] = r30;
var_10 = arg0;
var_18 = arg1;
// Initial instructions to find the proper function ponters
*(int32_t *)var_18 = *(int32_t *)var_10 &#x26; 0x1f | 0x0;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x8) = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x8);
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x4) = 0x24;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0xc) = 0x0;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x14) = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14) + 0x64;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x10) = 0x0;
r8 = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14);
r8 = r8 - 0x1f4;
if (r8 > 0x0) {
if (CPU_FLAGS &#x26; G) {
r8 = 0x1;
}
}
if ((r8 &#x26; 0x1) == 0x0) {
r8 = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14);
r8 = r8 - 0x1f4;
if (r8 &#x3C; 0x0) {
if (CPU_FLAGS &#x26; L) {
r8 = 0x1;
}
}
if ((r8 &#x26; 0x1) == 0x0) {
r8 = *(int32_t *)(var_10 + 0x14);
// 0x1f4 = 500 (the strating ID)
<strong> r8 = r8 - 0x1f4;
</strong> asm { smaddl x8, w8, w9, x10 };
r8 = *(r8 + 0x8);
var_20 = r8;
r8 = r8 - 0x0;
if (r8 != 0x0) {
if (CPU_FLAGS &#x26; NE) {
r8 = 0x1;
}
}
// Same if else as in the previous version
// Check the used of the address 0x100004040 (functions addresses array)
<strong> if ((r8 &#x26; 0x1) == 0x0) {
</strong><strong> *(var_18 + 0x18) = **0x100004000;
</strong> *(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
else {
// Call to the calculated address where the function should be
<strong> (var_20)(var_10, var_18);
</strong> var_4 = 0x1;
}
}
else {
*(var_18 + 0x18) = **0x100004000;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
}
else {
*(var_18 + 0x18) = **0x100004000;
*(int32_t *)(var_18 + 0x20) = 0xfffffed1;
var_4 = 0x0;
}
r0 = var_4;
return r0;
}
</code></pre>
{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}
Actually if you go to the function **`0x100004000`** you will find the array of **`routine_descriptor`** structs. The first element of the struct is the **address** where the **function** is implemented, and the **struct takes 0x28 bytes**, so each 0x28 bytes (starting from byte 0) you can get 8 bytes and that will be the **address of the function** that will be called:
<figure><img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
<figure><img src="../../../../.gitbook/assets/image (1) (1) (1) (1) (1).png" alt=""><figcaption></figcaption></figure>
This data can be extracted [**using this Hopper script**](https://github.com/knightsc/hopper/blob/master/scripts/MIG%20Detect.py).
<details>
<summary><a href="https://cloud.hacktricks.xyz/pentesting-cloud/pentesting-cloud-methodology"><strong>☁️ HackTricks Cloud ☁️</strong></a> -<a href="https://twitter.com/hacktricks_live"><strong>🐦 Twitter 🐦</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/hacktricks_live/schedule"><strong>🎙️ Twitch 🎙️</strong></a> - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@hacktricks_LIVE"><strong>🎥 Youtube 🎥</strong></a></summary>
* Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access to the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
* Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
* Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
* **Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/hacktricks\_live)**.**
* **Share your hacking tricks by submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks) **and** [**hacktricks-cloud repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks-cloud).
</details>
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