108 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
108 lines
6.2 KiB
Markdown
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<details>
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<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>
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Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
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Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
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Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
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**Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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**Share your hacking tricks submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
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</details>
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# Pentesting BLE - Bluetooth Low Energy
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## Introduction
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Available since the Bluetooth 4.0 specification, BLE uses only 40 channels, covering the range of 2400 to 2483.5 MHz. In contrast, traditional Bluetooth uses 79 channels in that same range.
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BLE devices communicate is by sending **advertising packets** (**beacons**), these packets broadcast the BLE device’s existence to other nearby devices. These beacons sometimes **send data**, too.
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The listening device, also called a central device, can respond to an advertising packet with a **SCAN request** sent specifically to the advertising device. The **response** to that scan uses the same structure as the **advertising** packet with additional information that couldn’t fit on the initial advertising request, such as the full device name.
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 (2) (1) (1).png>)
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The preamble byte synchronizes the frequency, whereas the four-byte access address is a **connection identifier**, which is used in scenarios where multiple devices are trying to establish connections on the same channels. Next, the Protocol Data Unit (**PDU**) contains the **advertising data**. There are several types of PDU; the most commonly used are ADV\_NONCONN\_IND and ADV\_IND. Devices use the **ADV\_NONCONN\_IND** PDU type if they **don’t accept connections**, transmitting data only in the advertising packet. Devices use **ADV\_IND** if they **allow connections** and **stop sending advertising** packets once a **connection** has been **established**.
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### GATT
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The **Generic Attribute Profile** (GATT) defines how the **device should format and transfer data**. When you’re analyzing a BLE device’s attack surface, you’ll often concentrate your attention on the GATT (or GATTs), because it’s how **device functionality gets triggered** and how data gets stored, grouped, and modified. The GATT lists a device’s characteristics, descriptors, and services in a table as either 16- or 32-bits values. A **characteristic** is a **data** value **sent** between the central device and peripheral. These characteristics can have **descriptors** that **provide additional information about them**. **Characteristics** are often **grouped** in **services** if they’re related to performing a particular action.
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## Enumeration
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```bash
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hciconfig #Check config, check if UP or DOWN
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# If DOWN try:
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sudo modprobe -c bluetooth
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sudo hciconfig hci0 down && sudo hciconfig hci0 up
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# Spoof MAC
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spooftooph -i hci0 -a 11:22:33:44:55:66
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```
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### GATTool
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**GATTool** allows to **establish** a **connection** with another device, listing that device’s **characteristics**, and reading and writing its attributes.\
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GATTTool can launch an interactive shell with the `-I` option:
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```bash
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gatttool -i hci0 -I
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[ ][LE]> connect 24:62:AB:B1:A8:3E Attempting to connect to A4:CF:12:6C:B3:76 Connection successful
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[A4:CF:12:6C:B3:76][LE]> characteristics
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handle: 0x0002, char properties: 0x20, char value handle:
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0x0003, uuid: 00002a05-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
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handle: 0x0015, char properties: 0x02, char value handle:
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0x0016, uuid: 00002a00-0000-1000-8000-00805f9b34fb
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[...]
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# Write data
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gatttool -i <Bluetooth adapter interface> -b <MAC address of device> --char-write-req <characteristic handle> -n <value>
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gatttool -b a4:cf:12:6c:b3:76 --char-write-req -a 0x002e -n $(echo -n "04dc54d9053b4307680a"|xxd -ps)
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# Read data
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gatttool -i <Bluetooth adapter interface> -b <MAC address of device> --char-read -a 0x16
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# Read connecting with an authenticated encrypted connection
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gatttool --sec-level=high -b a4:cf:12:6c:b3:76 --char-read -a 0x002c
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```
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### Bettercap
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```bash
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# Start listening for beacons
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sudo bettercap --eval "ble.recon on"
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# Wait some time
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>> ble.show # Show discovered devices
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>> ble.enum <mac addr> # This will show the service, characteristics and properties supported
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# Write data in a characteristic
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>> ble.write <MAC ADDR> <UUID> <HEX DATA>
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>> ble.write <mac address of device> ff06 68656c6c6f # Write "hello" in ff06
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```
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<details>
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<summary><strong>Support HackTricks and get benefits!</strong></summary>
|
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Do you work in a **cybersecurity company**? Do you want to see your **company advertised in HackTricks**? or do you want to have access the **latest version of the PEASS or download HackTricks in PDF**? Check the [**SUBSCRIPTION PLANS**](https://github.com/sponsors/carlospolop)!
|
||
|
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Discover [**The PEASS Family**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family), our collection of exclusive [**NFTs**](https://opensea.io/collection/the-peass-family)
|
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Get the [**official PEASS & HackTricks swag**](https://peass.creator-spring.com)
|
||
|
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**Join the** [**💬**](https://emojipedia.org/speech-balloon/) [**Discord group**](https://discord.gg/hRep4RUj7f) or the [**telegram group**](https://t.me/peass) or **follow** me on **Twitter** [**🐦**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks/tree/7af18b62b3bdc423e11444677a6a73d4043511e9/\[https:/emojipedia.org/bird/README.md)[**@carlospolopm**](https://twitter.com/carlospolopm)**.**
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**Share your hacking tricks submitting PRs to the** [**hacktricks github repo**](https://github.com/carlospolop/hacktricks)**.**
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</details>
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