vault backup: 2023-03-26 12:17:38

.obsidian/plugins/various-complements/data.json

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
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@@ -15,9 +15,29 @@
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@@ -69,8 +89,7 @@
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@@ -157,13 +176,17 @@
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+    "The Molecules of Life/images/polynucleotide.png",
+    "The Molecules of Life/images/dna_nucleotide.png",
+    "_How to study?.md",
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The Molecules of Life/2_Large Biological Molecules.md

@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ Some amino acids have very simple side chains; the amino acid glycine, for examp
 
 ![[alanine.jpg]]
 Alanine amino acid (* diagram given in book is wrong )
+
 ### Protein Shape
 
 Cells link amino acids monomers together by [[dehydration reaction]]. The bond that joins adjacent amino acids is called a **peptide bond**. 
@@ -203,4 +204,28 @@ The genetic material that humans and all other organisms inherit from their pare
 
 A gene is a unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a **[[2_Large Biological Molecules#^fbda79 | polypeptide]]**. Those programmed instructions, however, are written in a chemical code that must be translated from “nucleic acid language” to “protein language” . A cell’s **RNA** molecules help make this translation.
 
-hello world
+**Nucleic Acids** are polymers made from monomers called **nucleotides**. ^7cc0ee
+
+Each nucleotide contains three parts. At the center of each nucleotide is a five-carbon sugar (blue in the figure), deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. Attached to the sugar is a negatively charged phosphate group (yellow) containing a phosphorus atom bonded to oxygen atoms (PO4−). Also attached to the sugar is a nitrogen-containing base (green) made of one or two rings. The sugar and phosphate are the same in all nucleotides; only the base varies. Each DNA nucleotide has one of four possible nitrogenous bases: 
+- adenine (A) ^0f30e8
+- guanine (G)
+- cytosine (C)
+- thymine (T)
+
+![[dna_nucleotide.png]]
+
+[[dehydration reaction | Dehydration reactions]] link [[2_Large Biological Molecules#^7cc0ee | nucleotide ]] monomers into long chains called **polynucleotides**. ^a943e1
+
+![[polynucleotide.png]]
+In a [[2_Large Biological Molecules#^a943e1 | polynucleotide]],  [[2_Large Biological Molecules#^7cc0ee | nucleotides ]] are joined by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next. This bonding results in a sugar-phosphate backbone, a repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate, with the bases (A, T, C, or G) hanging off the backbone like appendages.
+
+![[dna_double_helix.png]]
+A molecule of cellular DNA is double-stranded, with
+two [[2_Large Biological Molecules#^a943e1 | polynucleotide]] strands coiled around each other to
+form a **double helix**.
+
+**The base A can pair only with T, and G can pair only
+with C.** ([[2_Large Biological Molecules#^0f30e8 | Full forms of ATGC]])
+
+
+#### Similarities between DNA and RNA