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Author SHA1 Message Date
throwaway69420-69420 ef831bc976 vault backup: 2023-04-10 18:49:41 2023-04-10 18:49:41 +05:30
throwaway69420-69420 2557256ea2 vault backup: 2023-04-10 18:49:01 2023-04-10 18:49:01 +05:30
throwaway69420-69420 e0151c327f vault backup: 2023-04-05 13:09:14 2023-04-05 13:09:14 +05:30
22 changed files with 1026 additions and 826 deletions

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@ -8,5 +8,7 @@
"obsidian-style-settings",
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"author": "Victor Tao",

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@ -174,11 +162,11 @@
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@ -211,11 +203,8 @@
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@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ Saturated fats can be converted to unsaturated fats by adding hydrogen by a pro
### Steriods
^717f50
All steriods have a carbon skeleton with four fused rings.
![[steroids.png]]

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@ -49,3 +49,6 @@ Prokaryotes can also have **pili** which can also attach to surfaces.
----
cytosol

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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
The region of the cell outside the nucleus and within the plasma membrane is called the **cytoplasm**. The **cytoplasm** of a eukaryotic cell consists of various **organelles** [[1_Two Categories of the Cell#^772abb | organelles ]] suspended in the liquid [[1_Two Categories of the Cell#^558751 | cytosol]].
The region of the cell outside the nucleus and within the plasma membrane is called the **cytoplasm**. The **cytoplasm** of a eukaryotic cell consists of various **organelles** [[1_Two Categories of the Cell#^772abb | organelles ]] suspended in the liquid [[1_Two Categories of the Cell#^558751 | cytosol]]. ^9a0d7a
## Difference between plant cells and animal cells
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ plant cells have
animal cells have
- centrioles
- lysosomes
- [[2_An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells#^a46be4 | lysosomes]]
# Membrane Structure
@ -47,4 +47,84 @@ Most animal cells secrete a sticky coat called the **extracellular matrix**.
**Fibers** made of the protein **collagen** (also found in skin, cartilage, bones, and tendons) **hold cells together in tissues** and can also have protective and supportive functions.
In addition, the surfaces of most animal cells contain cell junctions, structures that connect cells together into tissues, allowing the cells to function in a coordinated way.
In addition, the surfaces of most animal cells contain cell junctions, structures that connect cells together into tissues, allowing the cells to function in a coordinated way.
# Nucleus
^9fbdc1
The **nucleus** is separated from the [[#^9a0d7a | cytoplasm]] by a double membrane called the **nuclear envelope**. Each membrane of the nuclear envelope is similar to the [[#^339bad | structure of the plasma membrane]]. ^1b64df
![[nucleus.png]]
Pores in the envelope allow certain material to pass between the nucleus and the [[#^9a0d7a | cytoplasm]].
Within the nucleus, long DNA molecules and associated proteins form fibers called **chromatin**. Each long **chromatin fiber** constitutes one **chromosome**.
The **nucleolus** ,a prominent ­structure within the **nucleus**, **is the site where the ­components of ribosomes are made**.
>[!Question]- Where are components of ribosomes made?
> In the nucleolus
# Ribosomes
^95ba1b
>[!Question] What is the function of ribosomes?
>Ribosomes are **responsible for protein synthesis**.
>[!Question] Where are the ribosomes made?
In eukaryotic cells, the components of ribosomes are made in the [[#^9fbdc1 | nucleus]] and then transported through the pores of the [[2_An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells#^1b64df | nuclear envelope]] into the [[2_An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells#^9a0d7a | cytoplasm]]. In the cytoplasm the ribosomes begin their work.
>[!Question] Where are ribosomes found in the cell?
Some ribosomes are suspended in the [[2_An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells#^9a0d7a | cytosol]], making proteins that remain within the fluid of the cell. Other ribosomes are attached to the outside of the nucleus or an organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum, making proteins that are incorporated into membranes or secreted by the cell.
Free and bound ribosomes are structurally identical, and ribosomes can switch locations, moving between the endoplasmic reticulum and the [[2_An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells#^9a0d7a | cytosol]].
# The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular Products
## The Endoplasmic Reticulum
It is connected to the [[2_An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells#^1b64df | nuclear envelope]].
![[ER.png]]
There are two components that make up the Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER):
```mermaid
flowchart TD;
ER --> Rough_ER
ER --> Smooth_ER
```
### Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
The “rough” in rough ER refers to ribosomes that stud the outside of its membrane. **One of the functions of rough ER is to make more membrane.** Phospholipids made by enzymes of the rough ER are inserted into the ER membrane. In this way, the ER membrane grows, and portions of it can bubble off and be transferred to other parts of the cell.
![[ER_manufacture.png]] ^429964
### Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The “smooth” in smooth ER refers to the fact that this organelle lacks the [[2_An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells#^95ba1b | ribosomes]] that populate the ­surface of rough ER.
Function of Smooth ER is the synthesis of lipids, including [[2_Large Biological Molecules#^717f50 | steroids]].
## Golgi Apparatus
It receives, refines, stores and distributes chemical products of the cell.
Products made in the ER reach the golgi apparatus in [[2_An Overview of Eukaryotic Cells#^429964 | transport vesicles]].
- One side of a Golgi stack serves as a receiving dock for vesicles from the ER.
- Proteins within a vesicle are usually modified by enzymes ­during their transit from the receiving to the shipping side of the Golgi apparatus.
- The shipping side of a Golgi stack is a depot from which finished ­products can be carried in transport vesicles to other [[organelles]] or to the plasma membrane.
­Vesicles that bind with the plasma membrane transfer proteins to it or secrete ­finished products to the outside of the cell.
## Lysosomes
#TODO
## Vacuoles
#TODO

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