Adding first document
This commit is contained in:
parent
1e2d77dcab
commit
2f368fdac8
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
|||
* Bash tutorial
|
||||
|
||||
Tutorial with some basic commands, tips and options to use bash
|
||||
|
||||
* [[./bash_tutorial.org][Tutorial]]
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,616 @@
|
|||
#+TITLE: bash commands
|
||||
#+DATE: 2021-08-30
|
||||
#+STARTUP: indent
|
||||
#+OPTIONS: num:nil
|
||||
|
||||
* DONE work in bash tutorial
|
||||
:LOGBOOK:
|
||||
CLOCK: [2021-09-08 mié 18:52]--[2021-09-08 mié 19:22] => 0:30
|
||||
CLOCK: [2021-09-04 sáb 16:04]--[2021-09-04 sáb 16:34] => 0:30
|
||||
CLOCK: [2021-09-04 sáb 15:19]--[2021-09-04 sáb 15:49] => 0:30
|
||||
:END:
|
||||
|
||||
* Variables
|
||||
|
||||
System variables are stored in users environment
|
||||
|
||||
- ~$PATH~ Finds the content of a variable ("PATH")
|
||||
- "env" variables defined in shell environment
|
||||
|
||||
* Add directory to path
|
||||
|
||||
[[https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Environment_variables]["Environment variables" in: Arch wiki]]
|
||||
|
||||
To add a directory to the PATH for local usage, put
|
||||
the following in "~/.bash_profile":
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
export PATH="${PATH}:/home/my_user/bin"
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
This will add the directory at the end of $PATH. To update the variable, re-login or source the file:
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
source ~/.bash_profile
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
Then check directories in "$PATH"
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
echo $PATH
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* Adding a new user
|
||||
|
||||
Check users that are logged
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
users
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
: myuser
|
||||
|
||||
New user called "test"
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
sudo useradd -p -m test
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
The configuration file "useradd" sets options for this command:
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
sudo less /etc/default/useradd
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| # useradd defaults file for ArchLinux |
|
||||
| # original changes by TomK |
|
||||
| GROUP=users |
|
||||
| HOME=/home |
|
||||
| INACTIVE=-1 |
|
||||
| EXPIRE= |
|
||||
| SHELL=/bin/bash |
|
||||
| SKEL=/etc/skel |
|
||||
| CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=no |
|
||||
| (END) |
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
PS: should use "sudo" to see the file. And ~less()~ or ~more()~ will show the file
|
||||
|
||||
The following file contains a list of fields about each user:
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
head -4 /etc/passwd
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| root:x:0:0::/root:/bin/bash |
|
||||
| bin:x:1:1::/:/sbin/nologin |
|
||||
| daemon:x:2:2::/:/sbin/nologin |
|
||||
| mail:x:8:12::/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin |
|
||||
|
||||
PS: ~head()~ is used to show only the first four lines.
|
||||
|
||||
* Describe hardware
|
||||
|
||||
Here using piping to show only the first four lines in the output
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
lshw | head -4
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| myuser | | |
|
||||
| description: | Computer | |
|
||||
| width: | 64 | bits |
|
||||
| capabilities: | smp | vsyscall32 |
|
||||
|
||||
* Execute stuffs
|
||||
|
||||
** Streaming from terminal
|
||||
|
||||
To watch a stream use video player such as 'mpv' or 'vlc' that supports streaming
|
||||
And pass the streaming address as argument to the name of the media player
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
mpv https://live0.emacsconf.org/main.webm
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
** Run a bash script
|
||||
*** Write script
|
||||
|
||||
After writing, save the file with '.sh' extension. This script will
|
||||
echo the words within quotes
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
echo "Hellow hu-hu"
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
: Hellow hu-hu
|
||||
|
||||
*** Option a: make it executable
|
||||
|
||||
Use the command "chmod" to change permissions for the file
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
chmod +x script.sh
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
Then, execute
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
./script.sh
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
*** Option b: run from terminal
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
bash script.sh
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
Or
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example bash
|
||||
sh script.sh
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
|
||||
PS: to execute the script from any place in the machine include
|
||||
the script in a directory that can be read from ~$PATH~
|
||||
|
||||
*** Option c: run from graphical interface
|
||||
|
||||
* Manuals
|
||||
|
||||
Use the command ~man~ or ~info~ followed by the name of the function or program
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
man
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| What manual page do you want? |
|
||||
| For example, try 'man man'. |
|
||||
|
||||
: man man
|
||||
|
||||
: man hier
|
||||
|
||||
Showing only the first four lines
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
info | head -4
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| File: | dir, | Node: | Top, | This | is | the | top | of | the | INFO | tree. |
|
||||
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
||||
| This | is | the | Info | main | menu | (aka | directory | node). | | | |
|
||||
| A | few | useful | Info | commands: | | | | | | | |
|
||||
|
||||
: info bash
|
||||
|
||||
* Show command history
|
||||
|
||||
: history
|
||||
|
||||
The file can be found in the user home:
|
||||
|
||||
: /home/user/.bash_history
|
||||
|
||||
* Translators and dictionaries
|
||||
|
||||
** Apertium translator
|
||||
|
||||
Installing in Parabola GNU-linux
|
||||
|
||||
: sudo pacman -S apertium-eng-spa-git
|
||||
: sudo pacman -S apertium-lex-tools
|
||||
: sudo pacman -S apertium-viewer-2.5.3-1
|
||||
|
||||
Apertium can be used in the command line
|
||||
|
||||
: echo Hola | apertium spa-eng
|
||||
: echo Hello | apertium eng-spa
|
||||
|
||||
"|" pipe lets the input to be passed to apertium
|
||||
|
||||
* Files and directories
|
||||
|
||||
** Create empty file
|
||||
|
||||
Create "file.txt" with command ~touch~
|
||||
|
||||
: touch file.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Create a file redirecting the shell output using "~>~" operator
|
||||
|
||||
: echo I will put this text wthin a file > file2.txt
|
||||
|
||||
** List files
|
||||
|
||||
Use ~ls~ in the directory you want to explore
|
||||
|
||||
: ls
|
||||
|
||||
List with properties using options ~-l~ and ~-la~
|
||||
|
||||
: ls -l
|
||||
: ls -la
|
||||
|
||||
List using wildcards
|
||||
|
||||
List all files ending in ".csv"
|
||||
|
||||
: ls *.csv
|
||||
|
||||
List all files containing the characters "moda" within name, e.g.,
|
||||
"acomoda", "comoda.txt"...
|
||||
|
||||
: ls *moda*
|
||||
|
||||
Remove "x"
|
||||
|
||||
: rm x
|
||||
|
||||
Copy a file using "~cp~ source destination"
|
||||
|
||||
: cp /home/text.csv /home/myuser/text.csv
|
||||
|
||||
Copy multiple files, directories or disk using "rsync" (source, destination).
|
||||
The command accepts arguments:
|
||||
|
||||
- "-r" recursive
|
||||
- "-v" verbose
|
||||
- "-a" archive (keeps info about files)
|
||||
|
||||
: rsync -rav /home/user/Documents /run/media/user/disk/backup/
|
||||
|
||||
~rsync~ can be also used with selective copyng based on file type
|
||||
|
||||
: rsync /home/user/Desktop/*.jpg /home/user/Desktop/backupdata/
|
||||
|
||||
Create directory
|
||||
|
||||
: mkdir new_dir
|
||||
|
||||
Removes directory
|
||||
|
||||
: rm -r new_dir
|
||||
|
||||
Removes a file
|
||||
|
||||
: rm file.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Space used by a directory
|
||||
|
||||
: du -hs /usr
|
||||
|
||||
Display directory
|
||||
|
||||
: pwd
|
||||
|
||||
Change directory you are working from terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
Go to the home of the user
|
||||
|
||||
: cd
|
||||
|
||||
Go one level up in the directory tree
|
||||
|
||||
: cd ..
|
||||
|
||||
Go to "Documents" directory
|
||||
|
||||
: cd /home/myuser/Documents
|
||||
|
||||
** Use rmlint to search for duplicated or empty files
|
||||
|
||||
Install
|
||||
|
||||
: sudo pacman -S rmlint
|
||||
|
||||
Run in the directory you want to check for duplicated or empty files
|
||||
|
||||
: rmlint -g
|
||||
|
||||
This will create two files:
|
||||
* rmlint.sh
|
||||
* rmlint.json
|
||||
|
||||
The shell script can be used to delete duplicated files
|
||||
|
||||
OPTIONS:
|
||||
|
||||
- h Show this message.
|
||||
- d Do not ask before running.
|
||||
- x Keep rmlint.sh; do not autodelete it.
|
||||
- p Recheck that files are still identical before removing duplicates.
|
||||
- r Allow deduplication of files on read-only btrfs snapshots. (requires sudo)
|
||||
- n Do not perform any modifications, just print what would be done. (implies -d and -x)
|
||||
- c Clean up empty directories while deleting duplicates.
|
||||
- q Do not show progress.
|
||||
- k Keep the timestamp of directories when removing duplicates.
|
||||
- i Ask before deleting each file
|
||||
|
||||
: chmod +x rmlint.sh
|
||||
: bash -xcp rmlint.sh
|
||||
|
||||
** Convert pdf to text or html using poppler
|
||||
|
||||
Use poppler and redirect the text to a org file.
|
||||
~pdftotext~ converts a pdf to "txt" if no other format is
|
||||
specified
|
||||
|
||||
: pdftotext foo.pdf foo
|
||||
|
||||
: pacman -S poppler
|
||||
: pdftotext foo.pdf ->> foo.org # first option
|
||||
: pdftotext foo.pdf foo.org # second option
|
||||
|
||||
Convert pdf to html
|
||||
|
||||
: pfdftohtml foo.pdf foo.html
|
||||
|
||||
** Convert files using pandoc
|
||||
|
||||
Use pandoc with "-s" flag to produce a standalone document and "-o" to
|
||||
redirect output to a file.
|
||||
|
||||
In the example a file "foo" is converted from ~odt~ to ~org~
|
||||
|
||||
: pandoc -s -o foo.org foo.odt
|
||||
|
||||
** Convert files to pdf using libreoffice
|
||||
|
||||
Convert odt file "tcl_online3.odt" to pdf
|
||||
|
||||
: $ libreoffice --headless --convert-to pdf tcl_online3.odt
|
||||
|
||||
** Using 'sed' to substitute text
|
||||
|
||||
"~sed~" is a stream editor for filtering and transforming text"...
|
||||
|
||||
This command in emacs editor
|
||||
|
||||
: M-x woman [RET] sed
|
||||
|
||||
Visits the following file with info about ~sed~
|
||||
|
||||
usr/share/man/man1/sed.1.gz
|
||||
|
||||
A brief example:
|
||||
I have a long comma separated text file with strings and
|
||||
need to include a line break after each comma (\n)
|
||||
|
||||
: cat filetest
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
|'string1',|'string2', |'string3'|
|
||||
|
||||
Using ~sed~ and redirecting the output to "filetest1"
|
||||
|
||||
: $ sed 's/\,/&\n/g' filetest > filetest1
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| 'string1', |
|
||||
| 'string2', |
|
||||
| 'string3' |
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
** Send files to another machine with "croc"
|
||||
|
||||
: sudo pacman -S croc
|
||||
|
||||
Then run:
|
||||
|
||||
: croc send clown.txt
|
||||
|
||||
This will give a code
|
||||
|
||||
: > Code is 34-04-paprika-sugar-micro
|
||||
: > On the other computer run
|
||||
: > croc 34-04-paprika-sugar-micro
|
||||
|
||||
More info about croc in [[https://github.com/schollz/croc][Github repo]]
|
||||
|
||||
** Move or rename
|
||||
|
||||
Use "~mv~ source destination" command
|
||||
|
||||
: mv /home/myuser/text.txt /home/myuser/Documents/text.csv
|
||||
|
||||
Example: moving the ".config" files to ".config3", then moving
|
||||
".config1" to ".config" to arrange configuration archives.
|
||||
|
||||
This creates a copy of each file in the same directory
|
||||
|
||||
: pwd # check where are you now
|
||||
: # moving files
|
||||
: mv file1.txt file3.txt
|
||||
|
||||
*Moving multiple files* can be possible. Selecting all the files ending
|
||||
in ".mp3" within Downloads
|
||||
|
||||
: mv ~/Downloads/*.mp3 ~/Music/
|
||||
|
||||
*Moving multiple* files included within a text file. Files are included in "filesmv2.txt" and are moved to
|
||||
"tmpfiles" directory. "t" argument stands for "target directory"
|
||||
|
||||
Each line in the "txt" file looks like this:
|
||||
'/home/user/file1.pdf' # original
|
||||
|
||||
: $ cat filesmv2.txt | xargs mv -t ~/tmpfiles
|
||||
|
||||
Source: [[https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/115734/move-file-by-list-in-file-with-leading-whitespace][stackexchange]]
|
||||
|
||||
*Moving multiple files* using wildcards. This moves all files containing the sequence "nasa" in the middle of
|
||||
the name. '*' indicates that there are characters or numbers before and after the word "nasa"
|
||||
|
||||
: mv *roco* -t ./direct
|
||||
|
||||
** Flashing USB with "dd"
|
||||
|
||||
"dd" (convert and copy a file) is useful to copy information from a disk. It can be used
|
||||
to create bootable USB. An example with parabola:
|
||||
|
||||
: sudo dd if=/home/user/Documents/parabola-2016.11.03-dual.iso of=/dev/sdb1
|
||||
|
||||
The ISO image is copied to "sdb1" (USB volume)
|
||||
|
||||
More files with examples of use of "dd" [../bash/dd_command.org][here]] and [[~/Documentos/GNU/bash/dd_command_wiki.org][here]]
|
||||
|
||||
** Display files
|
||||
|
||||
Show content of a file. Concatenates and writes file.
|
||||
Using "tac" reverses the result of "cat" command
|
||||
|
||||
: cat file.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Using head, tail and less to show parts of files
|
||||
|
||||
Showing the first two entries
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
head -n 2 /etc/hosts
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| 127.0.0.1 | localhost |
|
||||
| 127.0.1.1 | myuser |
|
||||
|
||||
Showing the last two entries
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
tail -n 2 /etc/hosts
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| ff02::1 | ip6-allnodes |
|
||||
| ff02::2 | ip6-allrouters |
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
less /etc/hosts
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
| 127.0.0.1 | localhost | | |
|
||||
| 127.0.1.1 | myuser | | |
|
||||
| ::1 | localhost | ip6-localhost | ip6-loopback |
|
||||
| ff02::1 | ip6-allnodes | | |
|
||||
| ff02::2 | ip6-allrouters | | |
|
||||
|
||||
** Backup a file
|
||||
|
||||
Using "cp"
|
||||
|
||||
: cp bbdb{,.bak}
|
||||
|
||||
: bbdb.bak
|
||||
|
||||
Backups with tar (tape archiver)
|
||||
|
||||
Back up of "home"
|
||||
|
||||
- c = create file
|
||||
- v = verbose
|
||||
- f = write to a file/device
|
||||
- z = compress the file (gzip) "tar.bz"
|
||||
- j = compress the file (bzip2)
|
||||
|
||||
: tar -czvf /tmp/home.tar.gz /home
|
||||
|
||||
** Simple code to encrypt
|
||||
|
||||
Encrypt:
|
||||
|
||||
: gpg -c X
|
||||
: gpg X
|
||||
|
||||
Use the code to remove the original file:
|
||||
|
||||
: shred --remove X
|
||||
|
||||
** Searching
|
||||
|
||||
Print lines that match patterns
|
||||
|
||||
: grep
|
||||
|
||||
Example: searching for all entries that have "root"
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_src bash
|
||||
grep 'root' /etc/passwd
|
||||
#+end_src
|
||||
|
||||
#+RESULTS:
|
||||
: root:x:0:0::/root:/bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
** Download files
|
||||
|
||||
This code download the file and the argument ~-O~ is to rename the file
|
||||
|
||||
#+begin_example
|
||||
wget https://filetodownload.org -O new_file
|
||||
#+end_example
|
||||
* Devices
|
||||
|
||||
- mount /what /where
|
||||
- what = device name
|
||||
- where = directory
|
||||
- /mnt = devices that mount occasionally
|
||||
- /media = devices that mount frequently
|
||||
|
||||
: run/$USER/media/$LABEL
|
||||
|
||||
* List process
|
||||
|
||||
Use ~ps~, ~top~ or ~htop~ to list process:
|
||||
|
||||
* ~ps~ reports a snapshot of the current process
|
||||
|
||||
: ps aux | less
|
||||
|
||||
* ~top~ display dynamic real-time view of linux process
|
||||
|
||||
: top
|
||||
|
||||
* ~htop~ displays an interactive process viewer
|
||||
|
||||
: htop
|
||||
|
||||
To kill a process use:
|
||||
|
||||
: kill [PID]
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
: pkill [PID]
|
||||
|
||||
PID = process identificator
|
||||
|
||||
* Evaluate time to load
|
||||
|
||||
In emacs:
|
||||
|
||||
: time emacs --eval '(save-buffers-kill-terminal)'
|
||||
|
||||
* Cool commands
|
||||
|
||||
: cal # calendar
|
||||
: clear # clear output
|
||||
: uname # display system information (-r, -p, -a)
|
||||
: wc # wordcount (file name)
|
||||
: date # check the date
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* References:
|
||||
|
||||
* [[https://wiki-dev.bash-hackers.org/][The bash hackers wiki]]
|
||||
* [[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-1-4302-6829-1%2F1.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported&code=2e41714e-ca8f-4796-a077-3243c836ec90][Beginning the linux command line]]
|
||||
* [[https://pandoc.org/][Pandoc manual]]
|
||||
* [[https://stackoverflow.com/][stackoverflow]]
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue