LLARP v0

LLARP (Low Latency Anon Routing Protocol) is a protocol for anonymizing senders and
recipiants of encrypted messages sent over the internet without a centralied
trusted party.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

basic structures:

all structures are key, value dictionaries encoded with bittorrent encoding
notation:

a + b is a concatanated with b

a ^ b is a bitwise XOR b

x[a:b] is a memory slice of x from index a to b

BE(x) is bittorrent encode x

BD(x) is bittorrent decode x

{ a: b, y: z } is a dictionary with two keys a and y
    who's values are b and z respectively

[ a, b, c ... ] is a list containing a b c and more items in that order

"<description>" is a bytestring who's contents and length is described by the
    quoted value <description>

"<value>" * N is a bytestring containing the <value> concatenated N times.

cryptography:

H(x) is 512 bit blake2b digest of x
HS(x) is 256 bit blake2b digest of x
MD(x, k) is 512 bit blake2b hmac of x with secret value k
MDS(x, k) is 256 bit blake2b hmac of x with secret value k
NE(k, x) is sntrup4591761 encrypt data x to public key k
ND(k, x) is sntrup4591761 decrypt data x with private key k
SE(k, n, x) is chacha20 encrypt data x using symettric key k and nounce n
SD(k, n, x) is chacha20 dectypt data x using symettric key k and nounce n
S(k, x) is sign x with ed25519 using seed k
ECKG() is generate ec keypair (p, s) public key p, seed s, both 32 bytes
V(k, x, sig) is verify x data using signature sig using public key k
DH(x, y) is a ecdh key exchange using ed25519 scalarmult between public keys x
  and y
KE(x, y) is a ecdh key exchange using H(x + y + DH(x, y))
PKE(x, y, n) is a path key exchange using MDS(n, KE(x, y))
TKE(x, y, n) is a transport key exchange using MD(n, KE(x, y))
RAND(n) is n random bytes

---

wire protocol

see iwp-v0.txt

---

datastructures:

all datastructures are assumed version 0 if they lack a v value
otherwise version is provided by the v value

all ip addresses can be ipv4 via hybrid dual stack ipv4 mapped ipv6 addresses,
i.e ::ffff.8.8.8.8. The underlying implementation MAY implement ipv4 as native
ipv4 instead of using a hybrid dual stack.

net address:

net addresses are a variable length byte string, if between 7 and 15 bytes it's
treated as a dot notation ipv4 address (xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx)
if it's exactly 16 bytes it's treated as a big endian encoding ipv6 address.

address info (AI)

An address info (AI) defines a publically reachable endpoint

{
  c: transport_rank_uint16,
  d: "<transport dialect name>",
  e: "<32 bytes public encryption key>",
  i: "<net address>",
  p: port_uint16,
  v: 0
}

example iwp address info:

{
  c: 1,
  d: "iwp",
  e: "<32 bytes of 0x61>",
  i: "123.123.123.123",
  p: 1234,
  v: 0
}

bencoded form:

d1:ci1e1:d3:iwp1:e32:aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa1:d3:iwp1:i15:123.123.123.1231:pi1234e1:vi0ee

Exit Info (XI)

An exit info (XI) defines a exit address that can relay exit traffic to the 
internet.

{
  a: "<16 bytes big endian ipv6 address>",
  b: "<16 bytes big endian ipv6 netmask>",
  k: "<32 bytes public encryption/signing key>",
  v: 0
}


Exit Route (XR)

An exit route (XR) define an allocated exit address and any additional
information required to access the internet via that exit address.

{
  a: "<16 bytes big endian ipv6 gateway address>",
  b: "<16 bytes big endian ipv6 netmask>",
  c: "<16 bytes big endian ipv6 source address>",
  e: lifetime_in_seconds_uint64,
  v: 0
}

router contact (RC)

{
  a: [ one, or, many, AI, here ... ],
  k: "<32 bytes public signing/encryption identity key>",
  u: last_updated_seconds_since_epoch_uint64,
  v: 0,
  x: [ Exit, Infos ],
  z: "<64 bytes signature using identity key>"
}

service info (SI)

{
  n: "<optional claimed name>",
  s: "<32 bytes public signing key>",
  v: 0,
  x: "<optional nounce for vanity>"
}

service address (SA)

H(BE(SI))

introducer (I)

{
  i: "<32 bytes public key of router>",
  p: path_id_uint64,
  v: 0,
  x: time_expires_seconds_since_epoch_uint64
}

introducer set (IS)

{
  a: "<64 bytes SA>",
  e: "<1218 bytes ntru public encryption key>",
  i: [ I, I, I, ... ],
  v: 0,
  z: "<64 bytes signature using service info signing key>"
}


---

Encrypted frames:

{
  v: 0,
  w: "<32+32+32+N bytes payload>"
}

Encrypted frames are encrypted containers for link message records like LRCR.

32 bytes hmac, h
32 bytes nounce, n
32 bytes ephmeral sender's public encryption key, k
remaining bytes ciphertext, x

decryption:

0) verify hmac

S = PKE(n, k, our_RC.K)
verify h == MDS(n + k + x, S)

If the hmac verification fails the entire parent message is discarded

1) decrypt and decode

new_x = SD(S, n[0:24], x)
msg = BD(new_x)

If the decoding fails the entire parent message is discarded

encryption:

to encrypt a frame to a router with public key B.k

0) prepare nounce n, ephemeral keypair (A.k, s) and derive shared secret S

A.k, s = ECKG()
n = RAND(32)
S = PKE(p, A.k, B.k)

1) encode and encrypt

x = BE(msg)
new_x = SE(S, n[0:24], x)

2) generate hmac

h = MDS(n + A.k + new_x, S)

resulting frame is h + n + A.k + new_x


---

link layer messages:

the link layer is responsible for anonymising the source and destination of
routing layer messages.

any link layer message without a key v is assumed to be version 0 otherwise
indicates the protocol version in use.



link introduce message (LIM)

This message MUST be the first link message sent before any others. This message
identifies the sender as having the RC contained in r. The recipiant MUST
validate the RC's signature and ensure that the public key in use is listed in
the RC.a matching the ipv6 address it originated from.

{
  a: "i",
  r: RC,
  v: 0
}

link relay commit message (LRCM)

request a commit to relay traffic to another node.

{
  a: "c",
  b: [ list, of, encrypted, frames ],
  v: 0,
}


link relay commit record (LRCR)

record requesting path with id p relay messages for x seconds to router
-+on network who's i is equal to RC.k and decrypt data any messages using
PKE(n, rc.K, c) as symettric key for encryption and decryption.

{
  c: "<32 byte public signing/encryption key used for further communication>",
  i: "<32 byte RC.k of next hop>",
  n: "<32 bytes nounce for key exchange>",
  p: path_id_uint64,
  v: 0,
  x: seconds_lifetime_uint64
}

if i is equal to RC.k then any LRDM.z values are decrypted and interpreted as
routing layer messages.

if i is not equal to RC.k then forward the LRCM with first element removed
and the last element holding our hop's reply. this ensures that the first entry
in the forwarded LRCM is for the next hop in the requested path.

if i is equal to RC.k unconditionally send a LRDM with encrypted payload
holding a LRSM with our record at the end and the previous ones in the front.

link relay reject record (LRRR)

sent in reply to a LRCM indicating we have rejected the request to relay data
for path with id p, the recipiant of this message MUST backoff sending LRCM for
b milliseconds or recipiant MAY get banned by recipiant router for an undefined
amount of time. r contains a bytestring of 7 bit clean ascii metadata indicating
why the commit was rejected. if included r MUST be logged or collected for later
review by node operator. inclusion of r is OPTIONAL. review of collected events
is RECOMMENDED.

{
  b: miliseconds_backoff_uint64,
  c: "r",
  p: path_id_uint64,
  r: "<optional reason metadata here>",
  v: 0,
  x: "<N bytes arbirary padding>"
}

link relay accept record (LRAR)

sent in reply to a LRCM indicating we have accepted the request to relay data
for path with id p.

{
  c: "a",
  p: path_id_uint64,
  v: 0,
  x: "<N bytes arbitrary padding>"
}


link relay status message (LRSM)

sent inside a LRDM after build has reached the end of the path to finish the
path build and send the result of the build.

{
  a: "s",
  p: [list, of, encrypted, replies],
  v: 0,
}


link relay upstream message (LRUM)

sent to relay data via upstream direction of a previously created path.
decrypt z using previously derived key and nounce y. Relay with new_y and new_z
in upstream direction as a LRUM.

new_z = SD(k, y, z)
new_y = y ^ new_z[0:24]

{
  a: "u",
  p: path_id_uint64,
  v: 0,
  y: "<insert 24 bytes nounce here>",
  z: "<insert N bytes payload here>"
}

link relay downstream message (LRDM)

sent to relay data via downstream direction of a previously created path.
encrypt z using previously derived key and nonce new_y and relay in downstream
direction as a LRDM.

new_y = y ^ z[0:24]
new_z = SE(k, new_y, z)

{
  a: "d",
  p: path_id_uint64,
  v: 0,
  y: "<insert 24 bytes nounce here>",
  z: "<insert N bytes payload here>"
}

link relay exit message (LRXM)

sent to exit a previously commited path before it expires.
verify signature using cancel key c in relay commit message.

{
  a: "x",
  b: [ list, of, exit, records, as, encrpyted, frames ],
  v: 0,
}

link relay exit record (LRXR)

{
  c: "x",
  p: path_id_uint64,
  v: 0,
  x: "<N bytes padding>",
  z: "<64 bytes signature>"
}

link immediate dht message (LIDM):

transfer one or more dht messages directly without a previously made path.

{
  a: "d",
  d: [many, dht, messages],
  v: 0,
}


link stateless relay message (LSRM)

statelessly relay a link message.

{
  a: "r",
  c: r5n_counter_uint8,
  d: "<32 bytes rc.K of destination>",
  s: "<32 bytes rc.K of source>",
  v: 0,
  x: "<N bytes encrypted link message>",
  y: "<24 bytes nounce>",
  z: "<64 bytes signature>"
}

ONLY exchanged over ethernet, if recieved from an IP link it MUST be discarded.

relay an encrypted link message from source s to destination d.
check signature z using public key s and discard if invalid signature.

if d is equal to ourRC.k then decrypt x via SD(KE(d, s), y, x) and process it as
a link message. if the inner decrypted link message is a LRCM forward all
following LRUM, LRDM and LRSM to s via a LSRM. LIDM and LSRM are discarded.

if d is not equal to ourRC.k then forward it to an ethernet peer that is cloeser
to d than you are. if you are closer to d than all of your other ethernet peers
then increment c and send to the ethernet peer with the lowest detected latency
that isn't the peer that this message was recieved from but ONLY if c is less
than 128. if c is equal to or greater than 128 then the message is discarded.

---

routing layer:

the routing layer provides inter network communication between the LLARP link
layer and ip (internet protocol) for exit traffic or ap (anonymous protocol) for
hidden services. replies to messages are sent back via the path they
originated from inside a LRDM.

ipv4 addresses are allowed via ipv4 mapped ipv6 addresses, i.e. ::ffff.10.0.0.1

obtain exit address message (OXAM)

sent to an exit router to obtain a NAT ip address for ip exit traffic.
replies are sent down the path that messages originate from.

{
  A: "X",
  I: "<32 bytes signing public key for future communication>",
  V: 0,
  X: lifetime_of_address_mapping_in_seconds_uint64,
}

grant exit address messsage (GXAM)

sent in response to an OXAM to grant an ip for exit traffic from an external
ip address used for exit traffic.

{
  A: "G",
  E: XR,
  I: "<32 bytes signing public key of requester>",
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0,
  Z: "<64 bytes signature using exit info's signing key>"
}

E contains an exit route that was granted to the requester that can be used with
IP exit traffic.

The requester will now have any ip traffic going to address S forwarded to them
via the path that originally sent the OXAM and any TDFM will is recieved on the
same path will be forwarded out to the internet, given that they have
valid signatures and addresses.


reject exit address message (RXAM)

sent in response to an OXAM to indicate that exit traffic is not allowed or
was denied.

{
  A: "R",
  B: backoff_milliseconds_uint64,
  I: "<32 bytes signing public key of requester>",
  R: "<optional reject metadata>",
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0,
  Z: "<64 bytes signature signed by exit info's signing key>"
}

B is set to a backoff value.
R contains additional metadata text describing why the exit was rejected.


transfer data fragment message (TDFM)

variant 1 (with path id):

transfer data between paths.

{
  A: "T",
  P: path_id_uint64,
  V: 0,
  X: "<N bytes payload>", 
  Y: "<24 bytes nounce>",
  Z: "<64 bytes signature of entire message where Z is set to NUL>",
}

transfer data to another path with id P on the local router place Y and X values
into y and z values into a LRDM message (respectively) and send it in the
downstream direction.

variant 2 (no path id):

transfer ip traffic for exit

{
  A: "T",
  V: 0,
  X: "<N bytes ipv6 packet>",
  Y: "<16 bytes nounce>",
  Z: "<64 bytes signature using previously provided signing key>"
}

X is parsed as an IPv6 packet and the source addresss is extracted.
Next we find the corrisponding signing key for a previously granted exit address
and use it to validate the siganture of the entire message. If the signing key
cannot be found or the signature is invalid this message is dropped, otherwise
the X value is sent on the appropriate exit network interface.

When we recieve an ip packet from the internet to an exit address, we put it
into a TDFM, signed with the exit info's signing key and send it downstream the
corrisponding path in an LRDM.

update exit path message (UXPM)

sent from a new path by client to indicate that a previously established exit
should use the new path that this message came from.

{
  A: "U",
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0,
  Y: "<16 bytes nounce>",
  Z: "<64 bytes signature using previously provided signing key>"
}

T is the transaction ID from the GXAM

close exit path message (CXPM)

client sends a CXPM when the exit is no longer needed.
The address used in exit MAY be reused later.

{
  A: "C",
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0,
  Y: "<16 bytes nounce>",
  Z: "<64 bytes signagure using previously provided signing key>"
}

---

DHT messages


find introduction message (FIM)

recursively find an IS

{
  A: "F",
  R: r5n_counter,
  S: "<64 bytes dht key>",
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0
}

if R is non-zero and less or equal to than 5, decrement the value and forward
request to random peer unconditionally. The transaction will persist until
replied to by a GIM or 60 seconds, whichever is reached first.

if R is greater than 5, immediately reply with a GIM with an X value as an empty
list, terminating the transaction.

if R is zero, if we have 1 or more IS at position S in dht keyspace reply with a
GIM holding the IS who contains the introducer with the highest expiration
timestamp.


got introduction message (GIM)

{
  A: "G",
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0,
  X: [ IS, IS, IS, ... ]
}

publish introduction message (PIM)

publish one or many IM into the dht at once.
each IS will be placed in the dht

version 0 uses the SA of each IS as the keyspace location.

in the future the location will be determined by the dht kdf
which uses a shared random source to obfuscate keyspace location.


R is currently set to 3 +/- 2 by the sender.

{
  A: "P",
  R: r5n_counter,
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0,
  X: [ IS, IS, IS, ... ],
}

acknoleged introduction message (AIM)

acknolege the publishing of a previous PIM, X contains the backoff values in ms
for the previously provided IS, if backoff is 0 the operation was successfull

{
  A: "A",
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0,
  X: [ 0, 0, backoff, ...],
}

find router contact message (FRCM)

find a router by long term RC.k public key

{
  A: "F",
  K: "<32 byte public key of router>",
  T: transaction_id_uint64
  V: 0
}

got router contact message (GRCM)

R is a list containing a single RC if found or is an empty list if not found
sent in reply to FRCM only
{
  A: "G",
  R: [RC],
  T: transaction_id_uint64,
  V: 0
}