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hacktricks/reversing/common-api-used-in-malware.md

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Generic

Networking

Raw Sockets WinAPI Sockets
socket() WSAStratup()
bind() bind()
listen() listen()
accept() accept()
connect() connect()
read()/recv() recv()
write() send()
shutdown() WSACleanup()

Persistence

Registry File Service
RegCreateKeyEx() GetTempPath() OpenSCManager
RegOpenKeyEx() CopyFile() CreateService()
RegSetValueEx() CreateFile() StartServiceCtrlDispatcher()
RegDeleteKeyEx() WriteFile()
RegGetValue() ReadFile()

Encryption

Name
WinCrypt
CryptAcquireContext()
CryptGenKey()
CryptDeriveKey()
CryptDecrypt()
CryptReleaseContext()

Anti-Analysis/VM

Function Name Assembly Instructions
IsDebuggerPresent() CPUID()
GetSystemInfo() IN()
GlobalMemoryStatusEx()
GetVersion()
CreateToolhelp32Snapshot [Check if a process is running]
CreateFileW/A [Check if a file exist]

Stealth

Name
VirtualAlloc Alloc memory (packers)
VirtualProtect Change memory permission (packer giving execution permission to a section)
ReadProcessMemory Injection into external processes
WriteProcessMemoryA/W Injection into external processes
NtWriteVirtualMemory
CreateRemoteThread DLL/Process injection...
NtUnmapViewOfSection
QueueUserAPC
CreateProcessInternalA/W

Execution

Function Name
CreateProcessA/W
ShellExecute
WinExec
ResumeThread
NtResumeThread

Miscellaneous

  • GetAsyncKeyState() -- Key logging
  • SetWindowsHookEx -- Key logging
  • GetForeGroundWindow -- Get running window name (or the website from a browser)
  • LoadLibrary() -- Import library
  • GetProcAddress() -- Import library
  • CreateToolhelp32Snapshot() -- List running processes
  • GetDC() -- Screenshot
  • BitBlt() -- Screenshot
  • InternetOpen(), InternetOpenUrl(), InternetReadFile(), InternetWriteFile() -- Access the Internet
  • FindResource(), LoadResource(), LockResource() -- Access resources of the executable

Malware Techniques

DLL Injection

Execute an arbitrary DLL inside another process

  1. Locate the process to inject the malicious DLL: CreateToolhelp32Snapshot, Process32First, Process32Next
  2. Open the process: GetModuleHandle, GetProcAddress, OpenProcess
  3. Write the path to the DLL inside the process: VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory
  4. Create a thread in the process that will load the malicious DLL: CreateRemoteThread, LoadLibrary

Other functions to use: NTCreateThreadEx, RtlCreateUserThread

Reflective DLL Injection

Load a malicious DLL without calling normal Windows API calls.
The DLL is mapped inside a process, it will resolve the import addresses, fix the relocations and call the DllMain function.

Thread Hijacking

Find a thread from a process and make it load a malicious DLL

  1. Find a target thread: CreateToolhelp32Snapshot, Thread32First, Thread32Next
  2. Open the thread: OpenThread
  3. Suspend the thread: SuspendThread
  4. Write the path to the malicious DLL inside the victim process: VirtualAllocEx, WriteProcessMemory
  5. Resume the thread loading the library: ResumeThread

PE Injection

Portable Execution Injection: The executable will be written in the memory of the victim process and it will be executed from there.

Process Hollowing

The malware will unmap the legitimate code from memory of the process and load a malicious binary

  1. Create a new process: CreateProcess
  2. Unmap the memory: ZwUnmapViewOfSection, NtUnmapViewOfSection
  3. Write the malicious binary in the process memory: VirtualAllocEc, WriteProcessMemory
  4. Set the entrypoint and execute: SetThreadContext, ResumeThread

Hooking

  • The SSDT (System Service Descriptor Table) points to kernel functions (ntoskrnl.exe) or GUI driver (win32k.sys) so user processes can call these functions.
    • A rootkit may modify these pointer to addresses that he controls
  • IRP (I/O Request Packets) transmit pieces of data from one component to another. Almost everything in the kernel uses IRPs and each device object has its own function table that can be hooked: DKOM (Direct Kernel Object Manipulation)
  • The IAT (Import Address Table) is useful to resolve dependencies. It's possible to hook this table in order to hijack the code that will be called.
  • EAT (Export Address Table) Hooks. This hooks can be done from userland. The goal is to hook exported functions by DLLs.
  • Inline Hooks: This type are difficult to achieve. This involve modifying the code of the functions itself. Maybe by putting a jump at the beginning of this.

Find vulnerabilities that matter most so you can fix them faster. Intruder tracks your attack surface, runs proactive threat scans, finds issues across your whole tech stack, from APIs to web apps and cloud systems. Try it for free today.

{% embed url="https://www.intruder.io/?utm_campaign=hacktricks&utm_source=referral" %}

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