Add VO 5.5.2022
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LinAlg2.tex
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LinAlg2.tex
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@ -2038,7 +2038,7 @@ Auch skalare Produkte können eindeutig fortgesetzt werden.
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\begin{satz}
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\begin{satz}
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Sei $B=(b_1, \dots, b_n)$ Orthonormalbasis von $V, n\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{\infty\}$.
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Sei $B=(b_1, \dots, b_n)$ Orthonormalbasis von $V, n\in \mathbb{N}\cup \{\infty\}$.
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Dan gilt für alle $v, w \in V$ und $(\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n) = {}_B \Phi(v), (\mu_1, \dots, \mu_n)
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Dann gilt für alle $v, w \in V$ und $(\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n) = {}_B \Phi(v), (\mu_1, \dots, \mu_n)
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= {}_B\Phi(w)$:
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= {}_B\Phi(w)$:
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\[
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\[
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\inner vw = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i \overline{\mu_i}
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\inner vw = \sum_{i=1}^n \lambda_i \overline{\mu_i}
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@ -2057,4 +2057,80 @@ Auch skalare Produkte können eindeutig fortgesetzt werden.
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\end{proof}
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\end{proof}
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\end{satz}
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\end{satz}
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\begin{satz}[Gram-Schmidt Orthonormalisierungsverfahren]
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\label{theo:3.1.16}
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Sei $(a_1, a_2, \dots) \subseteq V$ linear unabhängig. Dann existiert genau ein Orthonormalsystem
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$(b_1, b_2, \dots)$ mit
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\begin{enumerate}[label=\roman*)]
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\item $\forall k: \langle a_1, \dots, a_k \rangle = \langle b_1, \dots b_k \rangle =: U_k$
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\item Die Basistransformationsmatrix $M_k$ zwischen der Basen $(a_1, \dots, a_k)$ und $(b_1, \dots, b_k)$
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von $U_k$ hat positive Determinante.
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\end{enumerate}
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\begin{proof}
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$b_1, b_2, \dots$ werden induktiv definiert.
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\begin{itemize}
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\item $b_1 = \dfrac{a_1}{\norm{a_1}}, M_1 = \begin{pmatrix}\dfrac{1}{\norm{a_1}}\end{pmatrix}$ \\
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Eindeutigkeit: Sei $\tilde b_1$ mit i), ii) $\implies \tilde b_1 = c \cdot a_1, 1 = \norm{\tilde b_1}
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= \norm{c \cdot a_1} = \lvert c \rvert \norm{a_1}$ \\
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$ \implies \lvert c \rvert = \dfrac{1}{\norm{a_1}} \implies \tilde M_k =(c)$
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\item $(b_1, \dots, b_n)$ schon konstruiert mit i), ii) \\
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Sei $c_{n+1} := a_{n+1} - \sum\limits_{j=1}^n \inner{a_{n+1}}{b_j} b_j$
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\begin{align*}
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& \forall i \in [n]: \inner{c_{n+1}}{b_i} = \inner{a_{n+1}}{b_i} -
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\sum\limits_{j=1}^n \inner{a_{n+1}}{b_j} \underbrace{\inner{b_j}{b_i}}_{\delta_{ij}} \\
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& = \inner{a_{n+1}}{b_i}
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- \inner{a_{n+1}}{b_i} = 0 \implies c_{n+1} \bot \langle b_1, \dots, b_n \rangle
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\end{align*}
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$b_{n+1} = \dfrac{c_{n+1}}{\norm{c_{n+1}}} \implies (b_1, \dots, b_{n+1})$ Orthonormalsystem mit \\
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$\langle b_1, \dots, \rangle = \langle a_1, \dots, a_n \rangle$
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\begin{align*}
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& b_1 = \mu_{11} a_1 \\
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& b_2 = \mu_{21} a_1 + \mu_{22} a_2 \\
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& b_3 = \mu_{31} a_1 + \mu_{32} a_2 + \mu_{33} a_3 \\
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& \vdots \\
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& b_n = \mu_{n1} a_1 + \dots + \mu_{nn} a_n \\
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& b_{n+1} = \mu_{n+1 1} a_1 + \dots + \mu_{n+1 n} a_n + \dfrac{1}{\norm{c_{n+1}}} a_{n+1} \\
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& \implies \det(\mu_{ij}) = \det(M_n) \cdot \dfrac{1}{\norm{c_{n+1}}} > 0
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\end{align*}
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Eindeutigkeit: Sei $\tilde b_{n+1}$ ein weiterer Vektor mit i), ii)
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\begin{align*}
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& \implies \tilde b_{n+1} = \mu_1 b_1 + \dots + \mu_n b_n + \mu b_{n+1} \\
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& \forall i \in [n]: 0 = \inner{\tilde b_{n+1}}{b_i} = \mu_i \implies \tilde b_{n+1} = \mu b_{n+1} \\
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& 1 = \norm{\tilde b_{n+1}} = \lvert \mu \rvert \norm{b_{n+1}} = \lvert \mu \rvert \implies \lvert \mu
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\rvert = 1 \\
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& \det(\tilde M_{n+1}) = \det(M_n) \cdot \mu > 0 \implies \mu = 1 \land \tilde b_{n+1} = b_{n+1}
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\end{align*}
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\end{itemize}
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\end{proof}
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\end{satz}
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\subsubsection{Beispiel}
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$V = \R^4, a_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 2 \\ -2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix},
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a_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 2 \\ -4 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix},
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a_3 = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 8 \\ -2 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix}$
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\begin{align*}
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& b_1 = \frac{1}{\norm{a_1}} a_1 ,\; \norm{a_1} = (4^2 + 2^2 + 2^2 + 1^2)^{\frac 12} = \sqrt{25} = 5 \\
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& = \frac 15 \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 2 \\ -2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} ,\;
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\inner{a_2}{b_1} = \frac 15 \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 2 \\ -4 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix} \cdot
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\begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 2 \\ -2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} = \frac 15 (8 + 4 + 8 + 5)^\frac 12 = \frac{25}5 \\
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& c_2 = a_2 - \underbrace{\inner{a_2}{b_1}}_5 b_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 2 \\ -4 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix} -
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\begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 2 \\ -2 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 0 \\ -2 \\ -4 \end{pmatrix} \\
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& \norm c_2 = (4 + 4 + 16) = \sqrt{24} \\
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& \implies b_2 = \frac{1}{\sqrt{24}} \begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 0 \\ -2 \\ -4 \end{pmatrix} \\
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& c_3 = a_3 - \inner{a_3}{b_1} b_1 - \inner{a_3,b_2} b_2 = \dots =
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\begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 0\end{pmatrix} \\
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& \norm{c_3} = (4 + 36 + 4)^\frac 12 = \sqrt{44} \\
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& \implies b_3 = \frac 1{\sqrt{44}} \begin{pmatrix} -2 \\ 6 \\ 2 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}
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\end{align*}
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\begin{satz}
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Sei $V$ euklidischer/unitärer Vektorraum mit höchstens abzählbarer Dimension.
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Dann kann jedes Orthonormalsystem zu einer Orthogonalbasis von $V$ ergänzt werden.
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\begin{proof}
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Sei $(b_1, \dots, b_k)$ ein Orthonormalsystem, $(b_1, \dots, b_k, a_{k+1}, \dots)$ eine Basis.
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Satz \ref{theo:3.1.16} $\implies \exists b_{k+1}, b_{k+2}, \dots$ mit $(b_1, \dots, b_k, b_{k+1}, \dots)$
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Orthonormalbasis.
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\end{proof}
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\end{satz}
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\end{document}
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\end{document}
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