163 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
163 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
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quantum physics
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Heisenberg's uncertainty principle:
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An inequality stating that certain pairs of quntities, e.g. particle position
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and its momentum, can't be known completely precisely at the same time:
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dx * dp >= h / (2 * pi)
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^ ^
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| momentum uncertainty
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position uncertainty
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This relationship appears also outside quntum physics and is a fundamental
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mathematical consequence: e.g. when making an audio spectrogram, the frequency
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and time (quantity pair) are in similar relationship: to compute frequencies
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more precisely, we have to span over a bigger time window, knowing less about
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where exactly that frequency appears. This also appears in Fourier transform:
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a signal localised in short time span has a wide spanning spectrum (less
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info about frequencies) and vice versa, a signal spanning wider time has a
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more precisely localized spectrum. Since particles are waves (of probability
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where we'll find them), this similarly applies to them: a particle with
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more spatially spread probability of its location has more precisely defined
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momentum and vice versa.
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Entanglement:
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When a property of one particle depends on another particle while being
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spatially separated.
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E.g. decay of some particles creates a pair of entagled particles A and B
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whose net spin has to be zero, i.e. one has to have up spin and the other one
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down. We can't know which one until we make a measurement -- if we e.g.
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measure A to have up spin, measurement of B will then give down spin even if
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they are very far away and the information couldn't have travelled there
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faster than light.
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This however cannot be used to transfer information faster than light.
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This seems like an instant interaction at distance by some interpretations,
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but can be explained by the hidden variable theory: it is randomly decided
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which particle has the up/down spin right after the decay and each particle
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carries this hidden information with it, not requiring any communication at
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distance.
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Similar "communication at distance" situation can happen even without
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entanglement. E.g.: the position of a particle is randomly spread throughout
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some space -- now given positions A and B within this space, if we detect
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the particle presence at A, it is instantly decided it cannot be detected at
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B, even if light couldn't have travelled there by the time measurement is
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performed.
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Interpretations:
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fundamental interactions (forces)
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---------------------------------
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scale discreet (quanta of particles)?
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1. gravitational force big (planetary) no, curvature of spactime
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2. electromagnetic force big (human and bigger) yes
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3. strong interaction atomic yes (gluon)
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4. weak interaction atomic yes (W and Z bossons)
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particles
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---------
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-particles:
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- elementary: not made of other particles, properties:
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- mass: how much energy takes to accelerate
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- charge: 1, -1 or 0
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- spin: 1 or 1/2
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- fermions: building block of mass, have half integer spin (1/2, 3/2, 5/2, ...)
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- quarks:
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- normal
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- UP
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- DOWN
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- TOP
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- BOTTOM
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- CHARM
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- STRANGE
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- antiquarks
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- UP
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- DOWN
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- TOP
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- BOTTOM
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- CHARM
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- STRANGE
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- leptons: spin 1/2, not affected by strong force
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- normal:
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- ELECTRON
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- anti leptons:
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- ANTIELECTRON (POSITRON)
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... anti version of every normal lepton
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- bosons: carry forces, integer spin (1, 2, 3, ...)
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- gauge:
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- scalar:
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- HIGGS BOSON: creates Higgs field (the only scalar field, i.e. has no direction, plus is constant in vacuum)
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- composite: made of multiple fundamental ones
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- hadrons: made of quarks, e.g. protons and neutrons ________________________________________
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| symb | mass (MeV/c2) | charge (e) | spin | note
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________|======|===============|============|======|======
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| | | | UP QUARK | u | 2.2 | 2/3
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| FERMIONS | QUARKS | NORMAL | DOWN QUARK | d | 4.6 | -1/3
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| | | | TOP QUARK | t | 173100 | 2/3
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| building block of mass, | | | BOTTOM QUARK | b | 4180 | -1/3
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| half integer spin | | | CHARM QUAKR | c | 1280 | 2/3
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| (1/2, 1/3, ...) | | | STRANGE QUARK | s | 96 | -1/3
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| | |______________|_____________________________________|______|_______________|___________
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| | | | UP ANTIQUARK | ^u | 2.2 |
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| | | ANTIQUARKS | DOWN ANTIQUARK | ^d | 4.6 |
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| | | | TOP ANTIQUARK | ^t | 173100 |
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| | | | BOTTOM ANTIQUARK | ^b | 4180 |
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| | | | CHARM ANTIQUARK | ^c | 1280 |
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| | | | STRANGE ANTIQUARK | ^s | 96 |
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| |________________________|______________|_____________________________________|______|_______________|__________
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| | | | | ELECTRON | e- | 0.5 | -1
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| | LEPTONS | NORMAL | NORMAL | MUON | U- | 105 | -1
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| | | | | TAU | T- | 1776 | -1
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| | | |___________|_________________________|______|_______________|__________
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| | | | | ELECTRON NEUTRINO | v_e | 0.0000022 |
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| | | | NEUTRINOS | MUON NEUTRINO | v_U | 0.17 |
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| | | | | TAU NEUTRINO | v_T | 15 |
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| | |______________|___________|_________________________|______|_______________|
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| | | | | ANTIELECTRON (POSITRON) | e+ | 0.5 |
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| | | ATILEPTONS | NORMAL | ANTIMUON | U+ | 105 |
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| | | | | ANTITAU | T+ | 1776 |
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| | | |___________|_________________________|______|_______________|
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| | | | | ELECTRON ANTINEUTRINO | ^v_e | 0.0000022 |
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| | | | NEUTRINOS | MUON ANTINEUTRINO | ^v_U | 0.17 |
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| | | | | TAU ANTINEUTRINO | ^v_T | 15 |
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|_________________________|________________________|______________|___________|_________________________|______|_______________|
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| | | | PHOTONO | y | 0 |
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| BOSONS | GAUGE | NORAML | GRAVITON | G | 0 |
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| | |______________|_____________________________________|______|_______________|
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| | | | W+ BOSON | W+ | 80385 |
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| | | WEAK FORCE | W- BOSON | W- | 80385 |
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| | | | Z BOSON | Z | 911875 |
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| | |______________|_____________________________________|______|_______________|
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| | | | COLOR 1 GLUON | g ...| 0 |
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| | | GLUONS | COLOR 2 GLUON | g ...| 0 |
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| | | (STRONG | COLOR 3 GLUON | g ...| 0 |
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| | | FORCE) | COLOR 4 GLUON | g ...| 0 |
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| | | | COLOR 5 GLUON | g ...| 0 |
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| | | | COLOR 6 GLUON | g ...| 0 |
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| | | | COLOR 7 GLUON | g ...| 0 |
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| | | | COLOR 8 GLUON | g ...| 0 |
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| |________________________|______________|_____________________________________|______|_______________|
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| | | HIGGS BOSON | H0 | 125 |
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| | SCALAR | | | |
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| | create scalar (no | | | |
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| | direction) felds | | | |
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|_________________________|________________________|____________________________________________________|______|_______________|
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